Common Issues in Romanticism Essay example -- Romanticism Essays

The key figures in Romanticism addressed many of the same issues. Such connectivity is marked in William Blakes poems Infant Sorrow and On Anothers Sorrow, and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Shelley, like Blake, argues for continual development of innocence to experience, and through the character of overlord Frankensteins creation, Mary Shelley suggests the equilibrium of innocence and experience offers insight into the human condition. The trade is distinguished by what Blake states in plate 3, stanza 2 of The Marriage of heaven and Hell Without contraries is no progression (112). Any event, idea, or emotion that is contrary to the innocent human conscience is a progression to experience. In Frankenstein, the balance and shift of innocence and experience is evidenced by the creatures observance of the De Laceys, the misfortune that befalls him in his wandering, and finally, the progression of experience reaches maturation through murder.A too-careful analysis of the creatures init ial human interaction shows a steady shift from innocence as the creature experiences the world around him. Frankensteins creation is simple and child-like in conscience yet aged and abhorred in appearance. Although a paradox, the creature is akin to an adult child innocent and nave, notwithstanding forced to experience the world. Blake recognizes this concept in his poem Infant Sorrow in which he states, Into the dangerous world I leapt / Helpless, naked, piping loud, / Like a fiend hid in a cloud (ll. 2-4). One rarely thinks of a newborn baby as a fiend. It seems more believable to solemnize the grotesque form of the creature as a fiend. However, both the infant and Frankensteins creation entered the world with veiled and clouded eyes, unable ... ... for his actions, likewise, humans hold back to, at the least, coexist with their fellow man, abiding by laws and regulations. It is hopeful then that in the world today, the balance of innocence and experience is not entirely over turned. full treatment CitedBlake, William. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. The Norton Anthology of English Literature The Romantic Period. Eighth Edition. sensitive York W. W. Norton & Company, 2006. (111-120). Blake, William. Infant Sorrow. The Norton Anthology of English Literature The Romantic Period. Eighth Edition. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 2006. (95). Blake, William. On Anothers Sorrow. Classical Poetry Songs of Innocence. Passions in Poetry Foundation 11 Nov. 2008. . Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Second Edition. Boston/New York Bedford/St. Martins, 2000.

Essay --

Wenig elektrisierend Haben Elektroautos einfach nur ein Imageproblem, oder ist die Technik wirklich noch nicht reif?Die Bundesregierung hlt an ihrem Ziel fest. Bis 2020 sollen eine Million Elektroautos, lautlos auf deutschen Straen umhersurren. Ist das machbar, oder sind der Regierung jetzt endgltig die Sicherungen durchgebrannt? Abgesehen von technischen Rahmenbedingungen, werden hier nicht vielleicht einige wichtige uere Faktoren vergessen?Vor 75 Jahren ist ber einem Feld in Lake Hurst, in der Nhe von New Jersey, ein riesiges, 245 Meter langes Luftschiff lichterloh in Flammen aufgegangen ist. Die Rede ist von LZ 129. Ein Zeppelin, der traurige Berhmtheit erlangen sollte. Die Hindenburg. Ein Spannungsfunke an der falschen Stelle gengte. 200.000 Kubikmeter Wasserstoff fingen sofort Feuer und rissen 36 Menschen mit in den Tod. Dieser eine Funke gengte auch, um die Bedeutung der Luftschifffahrt fr immer zu besiegeln. Der Unfall warfare damals nur der fnfschwerste Zeppelin-Unfall, der sich ereignet hat. Aber er war der erste vollstndig detailliert, dokumentierte in der Geschichte. Die Hindenburg-Katastrophe wurde gefilmt und live im Radio bertragen. Obwohl moderne Zeppeline die mit Helium fliegen, absolut sicher sind und sie praktischen Nutzen htten, wird sich diese Technologie nie wieder richtig durchsetzen. Die Anzahl der aktuell zugelassenen Luftschiffe in Deutschland kann man, laut dem Lauffahrt-Bundesamt, an einer Hand abzhlen. Wortwrtlich Es sind nmlich genau fnf. So sehr hat sich der Unfall in das Gedchtnis der Leute eingebrannt, dass viele Leute laut einer Umfrage, sogar mit Wasserstoff betankte Brennstoffzellen- Elektroautos fr sehr gefhrlich halten.Jetzt knnte den Elektroautos ein hnlich... ...Elektroautos dann wirklich einhundertprozentig Co2-frei fahren knnen, es wird an den echten Freaks vorbeigehen. Fr uns werden sie nie so viel Spa machen und so viel Freude auslsen, wie ein guter alter bollernder V8 Motor, ein kreischender V12, ein pfeifender Bi- Turbo-Sechszylinder, etc. Der Lrm, die Vibration, die Emotionen, die Kraft dagegen werden es Elektromotoren, die uns immer irgendwie an (X-beliebiges Haushaltsgert bitte hier einsetzen) erinnern werden, SEHR schwer haben. Wenn Umweltschtzer, Politiker und Aktivisten aller Art sagen Es wird bald cool und hip sein ein Elektroauto zu fahren, dann kommt das immer so rber wie damals als man noch jung und faul war und einem seine Mutter zu sich und seinem Bruder gessagt hat Kommt schon Kinder, haltet doch mal ein Rennen um zu sehen wer schneller sein Zimmer aufrumen kann Das wird watering hole machen

Hosting a Successful Barbecue (Actually a Beer-B-Q) :: Free Expository Process Essays

How to Host a Successful Beer-B-QBeer-B-Qs are great fun. Theyre like a mix between a full-blown keg party and a quiet barbecue. Beer-B-Qs are more than relaxed than a keg party, with great food, but theyre more fun than a simple barbecue. And throwing a great Beer-B-Q is much easier than you may think.First, a trusty location is a must. A secluded backyard is preferred, especially if its bear-sized and has a deck and a pool or spa. However, a public park that has grills, and where alcohol is allowed, can work as well, but keep the preventive level down to avoid any law enforcement attention. Second, you need good weather, so plan your Beer-B-Q for sometime between late May and early family line for the best weather in this area. Memorial Day to Labor Day is always a good bet for the perfect Beer-B-Q season. Now that youve picked a bodyguard and have your location, the real preparation begins.Okay, first major step is food. Make sure to account for any vegetarians in your group of friends. Boca Burgers or GardenBurgers are good choices for vegan and vegetarian party guests, as both products are made with no animal products. Now, for the real carnivores youre sure to invite, keep your patties at or above a backside pound size. Even more important than that, however, is the fat content of your patties. Get 98% Fat Free or better patties. Why? We dont care approximately watching waistlines However, most of the fat in a patty gets burned off on the grill, shrinking the overall size of the patty. So a 98% Fat Free quarter-pound patty is going to be bigger than a regular quarter-pound patty. I hope that makes sense. Hot dogs are also always a good bet, and Oscar Mayer and Ballpark are perennial favorite brands. Be sure to have plenty of condiments, chips, salad or fruit, and soda for the underage or designated driver guests. attached up is music. Get a stereo. If youre lucky enough to be throwing the Beer-B-Q at a house with those neat outdoor speakers hooked up to the indoor stereo, youre likely set. Otherwise, get your hands on a 3-Disc or 5-Disc portable CD player with speakers that detach from the main unit. You wont have enough outdoor electrical outlets for a component system, so leave the big boy at home. As for music itself, keep it mixed up.

EMF Radiation: Serious Health Hazard for People Essay -- Technology, E

Technology changes eitherthing in this world. Our life has become more convenient and more efficiency which benefits by these new technology. barely during this time, some(a) people have considered about some risks of these technologies. EMF ray is one of them. People have argued for a long time that whether EMF radiation really poses health hazard or not. I insist that EMF radiation is harmful for peoples health and particularly to young children. This judging stooge be well proved by all the information I have searched and more people should know about this. First, its all-important(a) to know what EMF radiation is. The full name of EMF is Electromagnetic fields. Its a kind of area that we may be involved into every time we watching TV, using cell phone, turning on a light switch or using an electric appliance. EMF is a generic wine term of force generated by magnetic fields or electrical charges. Sometimes, EMF can be considered as a kind of radiation when waive energy. Wh en we use some electric appliances, the electromagnetic waves of these appliances will change periodically and produce enough energy to cause ionization. As we all known, ionization can dislodge orbiting electrons from atoms or break bonds which hold molecules together and then producing ions or charged particles. During this process, the production of ions or ionization in our tissues may cause take on damage to cells and cause other health risks. So EMF radiation is also called ionizing radiation. (DCMNR, 2005) This conception maybe a little bit confusing, but its easy to find out that EMF really produces some extra electrons or magnetic field which we have never seen before. So scientists began to do some experiments to figure out that whether EMF has health hazar... ... kind of radiation does mobile phone product. The World Health Organization (WHO) definite the EMF radiation touchstone as a kind of limitation from electronic devices or of human exposure time from all kind of devices. (WHO, 2006) The exposure threadbare is basic standard of personal protection in maximum levels. So the EMF can be variety and uncertain. No matter the opponents aware or not, just support for a rainy day. Technology is a double-edged sword. It can provide us convenient while it may affect our health at the same time. Fortunately, some kind of technology such like EMF radiation has been proved to be harmful and people can prevent it from now on. From my shoot I am sure that EMF radiation can poses a health hazard for people especially for children and teenagers. All people who really criminal maintenance about their health and their children should know this fact.

Comapring Naivete and Satire in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and

Naivete and Satire in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and Voltaires Candide A child has the ability to make the near critical and objective observation on society and the behavior of man. How is this possible? A child has yet to mature and lacks proper education and experience. However, it is for this very tenableness that a child would make the perfect social scientist his or her innocentte may provide an excellent means of objective criticism and most very much satire. A childs curious nature and hunger for knowledge would bring rough an unbiased questioning of social structures, minus the brainwashing of these very institutions, and his or her pic would expose any societal dangers present. This child-like scientist would see the truth as it is. This same premise may be applied to literary works. A naive timber or narrator may be used as a child-like scientist, who reveals social truths to the audience through his or her naivete. As Maurois has noted, in wr iting about Candide, by Voltaire, It was novel of apprenticeship, that is, the shaping of an adolescents ideas by rude contact with the universe (101). Jonathan Swift also takes this approach in his work Gullivers Travels, where Gulliver, the main character, provides a naive point of reference. The satires Gullivers Travels, by Jonathan Swift, and Candide, by Voltaire, both make use of naivete to convey satirical attacks on society. In both works, litotes understatements are make of extremely absurd situations, which further illuminates the ridiculous nature of a situation. Characters in each novel are made vulnerable by their overly swear natures. This is taken advantage of, and these characters are left e... ... Ideas. New York D Appleton and Company, 1929. * Introduction to Gullivers Travels. Norton Anthology of English Literature, The Major Authors. Ed. M.H. Abrhams et al. Sixth ed. New York W. W. Norton and Company, 1995. * Lawler, John. The Evolution of Gulli vers Character. Norton Critical Editions. * Maurois, Andre. Voltaire. New York D. Appleton and Company, 1932. * Mylne, Vivienne. The Eighteenth-Century french Novel. Manchester University of Manchester Press, 1965. * Pasco, Allan H. Novel Configurations A Study of French Fiction. Birmingham Summa Publications, 1987. * Quintana, Ricardo Situation as Satirical Method. Norton Critical Editions Jonathan Swift Gullivers Travels. Ed. Robert A Greenberg. New York W. W. Norton and Company Inc., 1961. * Van Doren, Carl. Swift .New York The Viking Press, 1930.

Comapring Naivete and Satire in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and

Naivete and Satire in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and Voltaires Candide A child has the ability to make the to the highest degree critical and objective observation on society and the behavior of man. How is this possible? A child has yet to mature and lacks proper education and experience. However, it is for this very originator that a child would make the perfect social scientist his or her uninitiatedte may provide an excellent means of objective criticism and most often satire. A childs curious nature and hunger for knowledge would bring somewhat an unbiased questioning of social structures, minus the brainwashing of these very institutions, and his or her photograph would expose any societal dangers present. This child-like scientist would see the truth as it is. This same premise may be applied to literary works. A naive type or narrator may be used as a child-like scientist, who reveals social truths to the audience through his or her naivete. As M aurois has noted, in writing about Candide, by Voltaire, It was novel of apprenticeship, that is, the shaping of an adolescents ideas by rude contact with the universe (101). Jonathan Swift also takes this approach in his work Gullivers Travels, where Gulliver, the main character, provides a naive point of reference. The satires Gullivers Travels, by Jonathan Swift, and Candide, by Voltaire, both make use of naivete to convey satirical attacks on society. In both works, litotes understatements are make of extremely absurd situations, which further illuminates the ridiculous nature of a situation. Characters in each novel are made vulnerable by their overly swear natures. This is taken advantage of, and these characters are left e... ... Ideas. New York D Appleton and Company, 1929. * Introduction to Gullivers Travels. Norton Anthology of English Literature, The Major Authors. Ed. M.H. Abrhams et al. Sixth ed. New York W. W. Norton and Company, 1995. * Lawler, John. The Evolution of Gullivers Character. Norton Critical Editions. * Maurois, Andre. Voltaire. New York D. Appleton and Company, 1932. * Mylne, Vivienne. The Eighteenth-Century cut Novel. Manchester University of Manchester Press, 1965. * Pasco, Allan H. Novel Configurations A Study of French Fiction. Birmingham Summa Publications, 1987. * Quintana, Ricardo Situation as Satirical Method. Norton Critical Editions Jonathan Swift Gullivers Travels. Ed. Robert A Greenberg. New York W. W. Norton and Company Inc., 1961. * Van Doren, Carl. Swift .New York The Viking Press, 1930.

History of Private Security

History of Private protection Cortez Jefferies Introduction to bail Operations and Management Gayle Fisher-Stewart University Of Maryland University College 23 October 2011 Private credential industry in the fall in States can be traced as far back as the mid nineteenth century, where they were primarily used to help fill the gaps created by semipublic constabulary forces in major cities that were just forming.Over the years the role of secluded security has changed, from its simplest form of protecting people, property, and information to a more colonial form, of individuals and businesses that provide, for a fee, work to clientele to protect their persons, their private property, or their interests from various hazards. Early in its existence training for private security was non-existent or unequal to(predicate) at best, over the years training has evolved and with that evolution came strict standards and guidelines.Unlike in Europe, where public law enforcement emerged out of private security, in the join States private security emerged out of public law enforcement. Europeans brought many of the methods they used to protect people and property with them when they immigrated to the United States in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The positions of constable, watchman, and sheriff were borrowed from the English and were used to establish the first system of public law enforcement in the United States.As rapid growth occurred in the West passim the early 1800s, it became clear that constables and watchmen werent going to be able to provide the expansive attends necessary to protect people and their property (Stone, 2002). It wasnt until the late 1700s that municipal police agencies were implemented in major American cities. Established in 1844, the New York City police department provided twenty- four-hour police protection to its citizens. Thirty years later, nearly large cities had a similar system of public law enforcement yet this system was not enough to keep pace with the rapidly growing American society (Stone, 2002).One of the first private security agencies to come into existence was Pinkertons North West Police Agency in 1855. The agency offered private watchmen services for rail yards and industrial complexes. In 1859, Perry Brink started Brinks Inc. as a freight and package delivery service. A few decades later, Brinks Inc. evolved into the countrys first armored car and messenger service. By the early 1900s, numerous former federal agents and detectives had opened up their own private security companies to include the first burglar alarm service (Maine, 2011).Between 1929 and 1939, private security employment declined as a result of the Great Depression but rebounded between 1940 and 1945, due to the need to protect the United States infrastructure and military and industrial facilities during World War II, the use of private security increased. After World War II, private security once o ver again began to grow, due to many returning veterans, with military police experience selecting police work and private security as occupations (Ortmeier, 2009). In 1955, a group of security professionals formed the AmericanSociety for Industrial Security (ASIS). Today, ASIS Internationals membership exceeds 37,000, making it the preeminent organization for security professionals (American Society for Industrial Security ASIS, 2011). Private security is a fast-growing industry. The Department of Labor predicts a healthy double-digit growth rate through 2016. Statistics on the number of individuals involved in this market are difficult to ascertain because of an extremely high turnover rate and because the term security worker admits of different interpretations.However, there are roughly credible approximations (Maine, 2011). The U. S. Department of Labor estimated the number of private security workers in 2007 at slightly over one million-about twice the number of police offic ers in the United States. Private security agencies themselves are often quite large. The largest security firm operating in the United states is Securitas, whose employees number more than 125,000 worldwide and whose revenues exceeded $7 billion in 2002. Human-Rights First estimate that there are almost 180,000 security workers in Iraq alone (Maine, 2011).The median wage for security workers in the United states is $10. 85 per hour ($22,570 per year), this might account in part for the high turnover rate. Salary seems to be proportional to risk. Blackwater security employees are alleged to watch earned close to $1000 per day to guard U. S ambassador to Iraq Paul Bremer (Maine, 2011). Although training for the private security sector has come a long way over the years. Many of the personnel department working as private security agents and guards are inadequately screened, trained, and supervised to ensure effective police work. payable to these reasons, there has been a big push for improvements in the quality of private security training. Private security organizations are being encouraged to pursue accreditations for the party as well as its employees. Private security organizations are being required to carry general liability insurance or that security personnel be bonded following a minimum level of training and certification, with the amount of training and size of bonding dependent on the degree of risk associated with the reputation of the job (Forst, 2002) .Virginia Security officers are required to be licensed by DCJS (Department of Criminal Justice Services). To be licensed as an unarmed security officer one must(prenominal) go through 18 hours of classroom training from a licensed instructor in order to obtain this card and it must be done by the end of their 90 days after hire with a Security company. Every two years the card must be renewed, by completing an in-service with a licensed instructor. To be licensed as an armed security office r one must complete an additional 16 hours of firearms training, 6 hours of training n conducting a lawful arrest, and qualification with the type and caliber of weapon they intend to carry. Firearms endorsements must be renewed annually by completing an in-service and passing a firearms qualification. Licensed armed security officers are authorized under state code to arrest for any disrespect committed in their presence while they are on duty at the location they are hire to protect. They may also be given(p) the authority by the chief law enforcement officer in their jurisdiction to issue summons to appear in court for felonies and misdemeanors.As the security battlefield diversified in the 1980s and became more responsive to the needs of business, a management model quickly began to dominate how security was perceived and what its functions would be. Security practitioners and innovational business managers began to view the functions of security as an essential component of business. As a result, security departments were incorporated into the organizational culture of many companies, and security managers were hired to oversee the security department and work collaboratively with other department managers.Security managers began to be perceived as professionals in their field, and this helped to enhance the image of security personnel, big(a) them greater credibility with their colleagues and the public (Stone, 2002). Given this long and varied history, it is not surprising that private security continues to undergo significant changes in its form and function. Still, accordance among academicians and practitioners about what its form and function should be remains elusive. References Stone, Mischelle Taylor. (2002). Private Security. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment.Retrieved October 23, 2011, from http//sage-ereference. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/view/crimepunishment/n327 Forst, Brian. (2002). Police Privatization. Encyclopedia of Crime and P unishment. Retrieved October 23, 2011, from http//sage-ereference. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/view/crimepunishment/n307 Ortmeier, P. J. (2011). Introduction to Security Operations and Management (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Maine, E. W. (2011, March 6). Private Security Industry. American Business Organization. Retrieved from http//maerican-business. org/

Diagnosis Of Acute Appendicitis Health And Social Care Essay

Among unhurrieds display to an exigency section ague hurting of the lower venters is a frequent clinical characteristic really frequently pickings to the intuition of acute appendicitis.The determination to execute surgery is normally based merely on research lab trials and the clinical pass judgment by the sawbones. In secernate to go against the symptomatic truth in these patients ultrasound and computed imaging save been utilize as clinical AIDSs with decreased detrimental laparotomy rates as a consequence. 1,2,5 Ultrasound in adept custodies can accomplish a high grade of truth 1, provided the drawback of the technique is its perceiver dependence, with important differences in truth. Acute appendicitis ( AA ) is a common surgical status of the venters, the prompt diagnosing of which is rewarded by a pronounced decrease in morbidity and mortality 1. Although the determination to research a patient with suspected AA is based chiefly on disease history and physical findin gs, the clinical presentation is rarely typical. Therefore symptomatic mistakes are common, ensuing in a average incidence of perforation of 20 % and a negative laparotomy rate runing from 2 % to 30 % 1.During the past few old ages, there has been a turning tendency toward the usage of formal probabilistic logical thinking or denary informations as a usher to clinical determination devising. In this regard, several hiting systems, computer-based theoretical accounts, and algorithms 2-12 have been developed for back uping the diagnosing of AA on the footing of military rank medical history, clinical symptoms and gulls, and indexs of inflammatory response. Harmonizing to initial rating studies, these determination tools are cost-efficient and may tot considerable diagnostic AIDSs to doctors 13. However, the said(prenominal) theoretical accounts have non been routinely applied in general pattern because they have failed to accomplish equal truth in proof surveies 14-17.Roll uping grounds has suggested that US in experient custodies improves diagnostic truth in instances of suspected AA 18, 19. Therefore, sonographic visual modality has been proposed as a diagnostic tool change surface in patients with a clinically high vista of AA, because it accurately depicts a high per centum of normal appendices and alternate diagnosings 20. However, these findings do non connote that sawboness may non use their clinical acumen to the direction of topics with suspected AA, inasmuch as serial earthly concernation with false-negative sonographic rates of up to 24 % have been reported 21. Furthermore, merely light informations exist on the possible combination of US findings with clinical and laboratory variables as an incorporate determination tool 22.The purposes of the present survey were to develop a simple and dependable marking system that would integrate US appraisal and anomalous elements of clinical rating and research lab probe to supply high diagnostic truth in patients with suspected AA and to measure the public presentation of the derived smorgasbord regulation as compared to that of antecedently proposed theoretical accounts in a free database of topics with suspected AA.Patients AND METHODSThe present probe included all overall 134 topics with suspected AA who were studied over a span of 2 old ages ( conducted between January 2005 and December 2006.The survey was experimental and no intercession was done except for the add-on of formalized informations aggregation.Subsequently, the public presentation of the mark in the above database was compared to that of 11 antecedently proposed diagnostic tonss for AA, which were besides cypher by utilizing informations from the population of the survey. The choice standards sing the aforesaid diagnostic tonss for AA were( 1 ) development of each mark from patients showing with acute abdominal hurting,( 2 ) old proof in at least one future survey and( 3 ) feasibleness of each mark computa tion ( viz. no losing variables ) on the footing of the informations prospectively collected in our survey by utilizing a structured signifier that included a convertible questionnaire.Four independent forecasters of the presence of AA were expressed as an integer-based marking system, which were assigned a weight ( bespeak ) to each forecaster and summed the weights of the forecasters that were present for a topic figure of points = 6 for US autocratic for AA + 4 for tenderness in right lower quarter-circle + 3 for recoil tenderness + 2 for leucocyte count & A gt 12,000/?l identified in the analysis. Non-operated topics were assumed non to hold AA, because none of them developed appendicitis during followup of 3 hebdomads.Because the end of the present survey was to compare the new theoretical account with the legion old 1s, application of the new mark to the survey in order to cut down the negative appendicectomy rate was non possible without biasing the consequences. Hence , no score-based intercession took topographic point, and the determination to run or non was left to the judgement of the of age(p) sawbones, who was non cognizant of the decision of each theoretical account for every person topic.All the ultrasound ( U/S ) scrutinies included in this survey were preformed by the senior graduate student occupant. In each patient the venters was ab initio examined at U/S by utilizing 2.5-5 MHz convex array transducer. This rating was supplemented with U/S appraisal of the appendix and the environing part by utilizing a 5 MHz additive array transducer and the ranked compaction techniquestatistical AnalysisStatistical analysis was performed utilizing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences package ( SPSS Inc, release 11.0 ) . Acute appendicitis at operation was used as the terminal point in the survey. Univariate correlativities between the presence of the aforesaid terminal point and clinical or laboratory characteristics were evaluated with the chi-squared trial, as appropriate for categorical informations, and with Student s t-test for uninterrupted variables. Ninety-five per centum assurance intervals ( 95 % CIs ) were calculated for each comparing. 2 Ten 2 tabular array was used to cipher the sensitiveness, specificity, negative prognostic order, positive prognostic value and truth. All trials of signification were deuce-tailed, and a p value less than 0.05 was considered to be important.ConsequenceThe above diagnostic mark was calculated for 134 indiscriminately selected patients ( 70 52.2 % males, average age 28.7 11.9 old ages cranial orbit 15-79 old ages ) hospitalized for suspected AA. Among the above topics, 73 ( 54.0 % ) went on to surgery and 58 ( 43.3 % ) had AA at operation. The application of the new categorization tool to the patients showed 96.5 % of topics with 8-15 points to hold AA ( Table 1 ) . The proposed dignostic theoretical account yielded a mark of & A lt 8 points for all 61 non-op erated patients in the survey. The present theoretical account exceeded perceptibly the old 1s in diagnostic truth ( Figure 1 ) .The negative appendicectomy rate was 19.4 % ( 14 out of 72 operated patients ) . None of the 6 patients ( 4.5 % of entire ) who were in the subgroup with the lowest mark ( 0-4 points ) had AA, whereas in 56 ( 96.5 % ) of the patients with the highest mark ( 8-15 points n = 58 41.8 % of entire ) , AA was the concluding diagnosing. Nevertheless, the proportion of topics with AA among patients with agencyrate tonss ( 5-7 points n = 70 52.2 % of entire ) was really comminuted ( 3 out of 70, 4.3 % ) . Therefore, utilizing the cut-off of ? 8 points for the diagnosing of AA in the survey, a really high chance of AA would hold been assigned to topics with 8-15 points ( 96.5 % , 56/58 ) as inappropriate to the really low chance for patients with 0-7 points ( 4.3 % , 3/70 ) .DiscussionThe theoretical account suggested in the present survey combines the dia gnostic value of four variables viz. two well-recognized clinical characteristics of AA ( tenderness in the right lower quarter-circle and bounce tenderness ) 1, US imagination, and leucocytosis, the latter reflecting the inflammatory response. The prominence of the aforesaid factors as independent correlatives of AA corroborates old studies, which have shown tonss non including the above clinical variables and leucocytosis to supply poorer favoritism 1, 15. With respect to the varied weighting of the four multivariate forecasters, a positive US adventure surpassed any other factor by presenting an at least 5.5-fold addition to the chance of AA as suggested by 95 % CIs ( Table 3 ) .Harmonizing to the proposed threshold of ? 8 points, if the appendix is sonographically shown to be inflamed, the presence of at least one extra factor is required to set up AA, whereas in the absence of US showing AA, all three staying variables are necessary for the diagnosing. For illustration, the ab ove theoretical account would propose the diagnosing of AA in a patient with leucocytosis and a positive US determination ( entire score 8 points ) , even if recoil or right lower quadrant tenderness were missing. The application of the new system to the outer database yielded an impressive diagnostic truth of 96.5 % , which exceeded perceptibly the public presentation of old tonss. The high quality of the new mark could be attributed to the incorporation of an imaging mode in a formal determination tool for AA, which is the fresh diagnostic process introduced in the present survey.Although sonographic imagination of the venters has been established as a effective tool in diagnosing of AA being of peculiar value in patients with untypical presentation 23, its truth has been doubted in more recent giving surveies and meta-analyses 18, 19, 21, 24-26. In this regard, it has been demonstrated that, when US is used as the finding factor for operative therapy, it can non be relied on t o the exclusion of the sawbones s careful and immortal rating 21. Furthermore, a prospective multicenter experimental test on 2280 patients with acute abdominal hurting reported no correlativity between the sonographic findings of the appendix and the diagnostic truth of the clinician, the rate of negative appendicectomy, and the perforation rates, therefore proposing no clear benefit of US scanning of the appendix in the everyday clinical puting 19. In add-on, echography failed to better the diagnostic truth or the negative appendicectomy rate and was even found to detain surgical audience and appendicectomy in a big survey that included 766 topics 24. However, it has been shown that US is unneeded when there is a high grade of clinical intuition as expressed by a positive Alvarado mark, whereas the extra information provided by US improves diagnostic truth in the instance of a negative or ambiguous Alvarado mark 25. Furthermore, a meta-analysis print in the in-between 1990s sugg ested that US is most helpful in patients with an undetermined chance of the disease after the initial rating and should non be used to except AA in topics with authoritative marks and symptoms because of the downstairslying comparatively high false-negative rate 18. Finally, a more recent meta-analysis on the value of US in the diagnosing of AA revealed dissatisfactory consequences in multi-center tests, proposing that the equal public presentation of echography in single-center surveies may non reflect surgical mundane life 26.Ultrasound is rapid, noninvasive, cheap, and requires no patient readying or contrast material disposal 23. Because it involves no ionizing radiation and excels in the word picture of acute gynaecological conditions, it is recommended as the initial imagination survey in kids 27 and in adult females 28, particularly during gestation 29. Yet, the restrictions of US include its decreased truth in corpulent or herculean topics, every bit good as in patients w ith pierced AA ( about 50 % ) compared to that observed in nonperforated AA ( 80 % ) 23. Furthermore, US is known to be passing operator-dependent, the larning curve required to develop the technique for sonographically scanning the right lower quarter-circle is considerable, and there are many interpretative booby traps to be avoided 23. It has been shown, nevertheless, that even if radiology occupants or inexperient sawboness conduct the imagination, the truth of US is non lessened 30, 31. In any instance, although the standards for the US-based diagnosing of AA are well-established and dependable, the inexperient tester, working with hapless equipment and/or technique, will supply suboptimal consequences, and this possibility should be taken into history when integrating sonographic standards in the diagnostic form.The usage of US in the scene of suspected AA might be questioned in an epoch when appendiceal computed imaging ( CT ) has been demonstrated to supply an truth rate ev ery bit high as 98 % in the diagnosing of AA, taking to improved patient attention and reduced usage of hospital resources 32. Furthermore, CT has repeatedly been shown to exhibit superior discriminatory capacity compared to US in some(prenominal) grownups and striplings with suspected AA 33-35, proposing that the proposed categorization system may non use to geographical countries where CT scanning is readily available on a 24-hour footing. In this survey, the inability to routinely execute CT scanning may account to a great extent for the comparatively high false positive rate of about 20 % . This figure of false positive diagnosings would be unacceptable in most Westernized states, where the appropriate CT use in community infirmaries has been shown to cut down the negative appendicectomy rate from 14 % -20 % to 2 % -7 % 36-38. However, because many parts of the universe wellness community may still non be able to afford CT scanning but can afford US equipment, the combined syst ematic execution of sonographic rating and clinical acumen could be valuable as suggested by the present survey.Because the coincident application of the preexisting theoretical accounts and the new mark to the same database has favored the latter, the several clinical deductions should be farther evaluated. A prospective interventional large-scale rating in different clinical environments, in an adequate controlled survey comparing a baseline interpret without hiting to a subsequent stage with hiting would likely be the optimum attack 15, 16. To cut down prejudice with such a design, unvarying informations aggregation should be carried out harmonizing to changeless definitions, with standardised public presentation standards used to guarantee nonsubjective rating 16.Any diagnostic support for AA should be heartily welcomed if it has been proven to be clinically valuable, because unacceptably high negative appendicectomy and perforation rates are still reported in many parts of the universe wellness community. However, apart from being old(prenominal) with elements non included in a quantitative theoretical account, doctors may be able to supply superior imputations of losing informations for an single patient and to incorporate the diagnostic affection as portion of their overall patient appraisal. Therefore, including the proposed mark in the diagnostic process is deserving seeking and may heighten a sawboness prejudiced capacity, under the requirement that it will be considered as an adjunct in determination devising that can non replace careful surgical judgement.Table 1 functioning of the proposed diagnostic mark in the survey.Number of pointsNumber of patients n=134 ( % of sum )Acute appendicitis n=59,44.0 % Non appendicitis status n=75, 56.0 % Percentage of patients with appendicitis among patients with the several mark0-406 ( 4.5 % )0060 %5-770 ( 52.2 % )3674.38 %8-1558 ( 43.3 % )56296.5 %Table 2Demographic, clinical, and laboratory features of the patients with suspected appendicitis.Patients features ( n = 134 )Acute appendicitis ( % ) n = 59, 44.0 % No appendicitis ( % ) n = 75, 56.0 % P valueDemographic informationsMale sex35 ( 59.5 )40 ( 53.5 )0.292Age mean SD ( scene ) 27.2 12.2 ( 15-85 )29.4 14.7 ( 15-86 )0.889SymptomsAnorexia40 ( 67.8 )53 ( 70.7 )0.675Vomiting28 ( 47.3 )28 ( 37.2 )0.076Migration of hurting36 ( 61.0 )25 ( 33.3 )& A lt 0.001Duration of symptoms & A lt 48 hours49 ( 83.0 )49 ( 65.3 )& A lt 0.001SignsTenderness in right lower quarter-circle53 ( 89.8 )31 ( 41.3 )& A lt 0.001Rebound tenderness36 ( 66.1 )19 ( 25.3 )& A lt 0.001Guarding29 ( 49.1 )14 ( 18.6 )& A lt 0.001Rectal tenderness16 ( 27.1 )24 ( 32.0 )0.321Laboratory informationsLeukocyte count & A gt 12,000/?l36 ( 61.0 )8 ( 10.7 )& A lt 0.001Neutrophils & A gt 75 %50 ( 84.7 )34 ( 45.4 )& A lt 0.001Temperature & A gt 37.5 & A deg C43 ( 72.8 )44 ( 58.7 )0.008Ultrasound positive for acute appendicitis48 ( 81.4 )39 ( 5.2 )& A lt 0.001Table 3 Comparison of the proposed mark with the old 1s.Scoring instrumentTrue positiveFalse positiveTrue negativeFalse negativeTinSPCPPV ( 95 % CI )NPV ( 95 % CI )P ValueVan Way7129851681.674.671.0 ( 61.5-78.9 )84.2 ( 75.8-90.0 )& A lt 0.001Teicher7719951088.583.380.2 ( 71.1-86.9 )90.5 ( 83.4-94.7 )& A lt 0.001Arnbj & A ouml rnsson7133811681.671.168.3 ( 58.8-76.4 )83.5 ( 74.9-89.6 )& A lt 0.001Alvarado782787989.776.374.3 ( 65.2-81.7 )90.6 ( 83.1-94.9 )& A lt 0.001Feny & A ouml 791797890.885.182.3 ( 73.5-88.6 )92.4 ( 85.7-96.1 )& A lt 0.001Lindberg74141001385.187.784.1 ( 75.1-90.3 )88.5 ( 81.3-93.2 )& A lt 0.001Izbicki7034801780.570.267.3 ( 57.8-75.6 )82.5 ( 73.7-88.8 )& A lt 0.001De Dombal7031831780.572.869.3 ( 59.7-77.5 )83.0 ( 74.5-89.1 )& A lt 0.001Christian7417971385.185.181.3 ( 72.1-87.9 )88.2 ( 80.8-92.9 )& A lt 0.001Eskelinen7291051582.892.188.9 ( 80.2-94.1 )87.5 ( 80.4-92.3 )& A lt 0.001Ohmann811995693.183.381.0 ( 72.2-87.5 )94.1 ( 87.6 -97.2 )& A lt 0.001Our Proposed mark55274395.497.496.5 ( 90.2-98.8 )96.5 ( 91.4-98.6 )& A lt 0.001Tin sensitiveness SPC specificity PPV positive prognostic value NPV negative prognostic value ACR truth CI assurance interval.Figure I. Accuracy of tonss in assorted surveies

Case Analysis Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd Essay

IntroductionThe Classification between an independent contractor and employee has raised a amount of issues through and through verboten the past 50 years. Failing to create an effective formality to be applied by the courts to any particular case, it has lead to commercial precariousness through Australia. This essay will analysis Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) clx CLR 16 decision regarding the high court process in distinguishing between whether in that respect was an relationship between the employer of employer/employee or employer/independent contractor.FactsWhile working for Brodribb Sawmilling Co, Stevens and colourise were employed by Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd as a trucker and snigger. During 1985, while Gray was moving a Log onto Stevens truck, the log fell off and rolled off the truck, as a result, Stevens was injured1. These truckers and sniggers employ their own vehicles, worked during the time they set out, were paid by the amount of timber delivered a nd did not deduct income tax installments2. Both employees owned and used their own equipment and vehicles, were never guaranteed work from the Sawmill3 and were free to seek some other work if factors such as the weather prevented them from working4.Issue1. To establish whether Gray and Stevens were employees or independent contractors while employed by Sawmilling Co.Rationale DecidendiThe legal principle that the High Court applied in Stevens5, in regards to employee/independent contractor, was the multiple indicia visitation. This tribulation is used to identify a number of criteria that the court arouse use, when distinguishing between employees or contractors. In regards to Stevens, Control was weighed as the significant factor when deciding between employee/contractor during the case.Judgement and AnalysisStevens6 was held in favour of Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd, classifying the two asindependent contractors through the application of the indicia. The essay was originally est ablished in 1968 in the UK 7, recognising a number of criteria to be used when assessing relationships. The test was established in response to a collapse of the previous test, the control test, which had been found to be more suited to the sociable conditions of earlier times, becoming obsolescent in modern society8. It was found that due to technological developments, the control test had become inconsistent with the retention of effective control9, as employees skills now exceed that of their employers 10. This meant by using the application of the indicia test, Stevens would be able to determine the relationship between the two workers.When applying the test in Stevens, the outcome of the courts decision failed to clarify which criteria was to be used when determining future cases. Stevens had adapted its ratio from previous cases, looking at the whole relationship between the individuals, making a decision on balance11 through the application of the particular criteria the rel ationship of master and servant, mode of remuneration, provision and maintenance of equipment, obligation to work, hours or work, deduction of income tax and the delegation of work by the employee12.This left-hand(a) a problem open for interpretation, the weight that the court applied to the different indicia on any particular case13. Previous cases before Stevens offered minute help in defining the relationship between the employer and contractor, as the legal concept remains largely undefined except in terms of the various indicia, which varies between cases 14. In modern society many employers dont process the knowledge to be able to tell their employees what to do, failing to address distinction between the relationship between employer/employee15. Stevens decision used control as the significant factor when determining control, weighing the balance in favor that they were contractors. so, when attempting to make a popular opinion between employee/contractor, it can be misle ading for future cases where control isnt the significant factor, as it is no more than a guide to the existence of the relationship between master and servant.Furthermore, Stevens was self-employed, therefore in performing his contract, he used his own tools, which indicates that he was not a servant16. However,Stevens places too little emphasis on what defines a contractors tools, which was seen in 2001 Hollis v Vabu17. The court applied the legal principles held in Stevens18, however held that the courier was an employee, not a contractor. Although the couriers provided their own tools and equipment, it actually involved little capital outlay as such tools were not only capable for use as a courier, but could be used for other general purposes19. This provides a great example of the weight that Hollis places on another particular criteria that the test, when applied in Stevens, was able to effectively establish whether they were contractors, but left practically open, leading to commercial uncertainty.Impact on Subsequent CasesThe impacts that followed Stevens20 saw major changes in the Industrial Relations Act 1988, the Superannuation Guarantee Act 1992 and the obligation to deduct pay as your earn installments21. Businesses started avoiding the statutory obligations owed to their employees, saving up to 17% by classifying its employees as contractors22. Consequently an entirely new persistence rose, attempting to shoot for advantage of the multi-test, structuring their business so it appeared to be one of employer to independent contractor, then employer to employee23. The consequences of this was subsequently seen in Vabu v revenue enhancement24, having avoided lodging superannuation guarantee statements, Vabu was found hangdog of avoiding the minimum level of payment of superannuation for all of its couriers25.Future and Commercial implicationsThe commercial implications that arose form Stevens26 found large corporations using the capacity of the Multi-Test to minimise social wage costs, providing legal validation for the businesses to classify employees as contractors27. These individuals became stand-in employees, still under the control of these corporations, with the formality of freedom as an illusory trap28.Therefore this has meant, that by applying Stevens multi-factor test, more times than less, the type of worker will be classified as an independent contractor, which means they will only have moderate rights under the Act 29. By wrongfully labeling employees, it can have potentially serious consequences for the employer, opening up claimsfor unfair dismissal, vicarious liability, potential prosecution and monetary penalties, particular in regard to companys failure to pay tax30. The effect of Stevens has meant that many businesses are now exposed to having to pay hundreds of thousands of dollars back to the politics from past taxes31.ConclusionIn conclusion there seems that the Multi-Indicia test is without its f aults, but it is without doubt that Stevens32 was an independent contractor. However without further legislation, further developments in regard to the employee or independent contractor will be limited to the interpretation of the test by future judges, as businesses will try and continue to avoid payments and authorisation benefits to its employees.BibliographyCase legal philosophyFederal Commissioner for Taxation v J Walter Thompson Pty Ltd (1944) 69 CLR 227 (at 231)Hollis V Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21capital of Mississippi & Wilson v Monadelphous Engineering Associates Pty Ltd (1997) 42 AILR 3-658Leichhardt Municipal Council v. capital of Alabama (2005) NSWCA 432Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance (1968) 2 QB 497Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16Translators Agency Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (2011) FCA 366Vabu Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (1996) 81 IR 150Vabu Pty Ltd V FC 96 ATC 4898Zuijs v Wirth Bros Pty Ltd (1955) 93 CLR 561LegislationFair Work Act 2009 (Cth)Independent Contractors bill sticker 2006 (Cth)Industrial Relations Act 1988 (Cth)Superannuation Guarantee (Administration) Act 1992 (Cth)Articles/Books/ diarysCarrigan, F. A Blast From the Past The revival of Legal Formalism (2003) 27 (1) Melbourne University Law follow-up 186-199Catanzanti, J. Two limbed test distinguishes employees from contractors (2011) 49 (6) Law Society Journal 52-56Chan, T. E. Organisational Liability in a health care system (2010) 18 (3) Torts Law Journal, 228Chin, D. Losing Control the Difference Between Employees and Independent Contractors after Vabu v Commissioner of Taxation (1996) 52 Law Society Journal 52De Plevitz, L. Dependent Contractors can the test from Stevens v Brodribb nourish workers who are quasi-employees? (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275Franklin, G., Lilburne, R. Joint Employment Possible pitfalls with the use of labour hire in the resources industry (2005) Australian Mining and Petroleum Law Association Yearbook 275-299Gava, J., Another blast from the past or why the left should embrace strict legalism a reply to Frank Carrigan 27 (1) (2003) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199Jay, D. J. Employees and Independent contractors, (1999) 73 Australian Law Journal Volume 30-34Lockton, D. Employment Law (4th ed. 2005) 137Marshall, B. Working it out Employee or independent contractor (2006) 12 (5) The National Legal Eagle 14-19Nieuwenhuysen, J. Towards flexibility in academic labour markets? (1985) 11 Australian Bulletin of jab 271-81Steckfuss, K. The Regulation of Unpaid Superannuation Contributions The Inspector-General of Taxations Review into the ATOs Administration of the Superannuation Guarantee Charge (2011) 24 (3) Australian Journal of boil Law 281-294Stuhmcke, A. Essential Tort Law (2nd ed 2001)Terry, A. and Ginugni D. Business and the law (5th ed 2009) 819- 8-20Vincent, R. What are the tax effects of incorporating legal practises? (2002) The Law Society of sore South Wales 45Other SourcesAustralian Government, Fair Work Independent contractors and Employees Fact Sheet (2012) at 15 May 2012Australian Government, Facts sheets Independent Contractors (2012) http//www.abcc.gov.au/Factsheets/Independentcontractors/Pages/AmIanIndependentContractor.aspx at 16 May 2012Australian Government, Independent Contractors The Essential Handbook (2012) at 12 May 2012pic1 De Plevitz, L. Dependent contractors can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees? (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275 2 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 3 Gava, J., Another blast from the past or why the left should embrace strict legalism a reply to Frank Carrigan 27 (1) (2003) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199 4 De Plevitz, L. Dependent contractors can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees? (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275 5 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 166 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 7 Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance (1968) 2 QB 497 8 De Plevitz, L. Dependent contractors can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers 9 Carrigan, F. A Blast From the Past The Resurgence of Legal Formalism (2003) 27 (1) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199 10 De Plevitz, L. Dependent contractors can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees? (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275 11 Australian Government, Facts sheets Independent Contractors (2012) 12 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 13 Terry, A. and Ginugni D. Business and the law (5th ed 2009) 819- 8-20 14 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 15 Stuhmcke, A. Essential Tort Law (2nd ed 200 1)16 Franklin, G., Lilburne, R. Joint Employment Possible pitfalls with the use of labour hire in the resources industry (2005) Australian Mining and Petroleum Law Association Yearbook 275-299 17 Hollis V Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 2118 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 19 Franklin, G., Lilburne, R. Joint Employment Possible pitfalls with the use of labourhire in the resources industry (2005) Australian Mining and Petroleum Law Association Yearbook 275-299 20 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 21 Jay, D. J. Employees and Independent contractors, (1999) 73 Australian Law Journal Volume 30-34 22 De Plevitz, L. Dependent contractors can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees? (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275 23 De Plevitz, L. Dependent contractors can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees? (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology L aw Journal 263-275 24 Vabu Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (1996) 81 IR 15025 Catanzanti, J. Two limbed test distinguishes employees from contractors (2011) 49 (6) Law Society Journal 52-56 26 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 27 Carrigan, F. A Blast From the Past The Resurgence of Legal Formalism (2003) 27 (1) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199 28 Carrigan, F. A Blast From the Past The Resurgence of Legal Formalism (2003) 27 (1) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199 29 Catanzanti, J. Two limbed test distinguishes employees from contractors (2011) 49 (6) Law Society Journal 52-56 30 Jackson & Wilson v Monadelphous Engineering Associates Pty Ltd (1997) 42 AILR 3-658 31 Translators Agency Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (2011) FCA 366 32 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16

Death and Afterlife in Ancient Egypt Essay

Throughout the ancient world, it was commonly believed that individuals survived in n primaeval form after dying. From earliest times, slew laid out and drink for dead relatives and performed rituals on their behalf. In many places, people shared communal meals with the dead. These practices were meant to ensure the well-being of the deceased and also to soothe the spirits of the dead and to protect the living from their exasperation (Taylor). The great exception to common ancient beliefs about the afterlife was provided by ancient Egypt. Here life was imagined to follow the cyclic pattern of nature.The sun-god Re and the god Osiris exhibited a pattern of death and resurrection. The transition to the afterlife required certain rituals. The body had to be preserved through mummification, to serve as the can for the life of the spirit. To reach the realm of the dead, the deceased required special knowledge. From a relatively early period, there was also a judgment, symbolized by t he weighing of the subject matter in a balance. In Egypt we find what are probably the earliest foreshadowings of hell a place where unrighteous people are subjected to torments and the second death (Johnston). Death The Egyptian approach to the problem of death and the afterlife was the most optimistic solution ever elaborated until their time. The end of life, death, was simply unacceptable. This reflected their optimistic nature, their revel of the body and the joys it procured, a contrario to the Hindu solution to the problem of death which reflected a pessimistic nature and the rejection and destruction of the body. Death was intolerable for the Egyptians it was desirable for the Hindus.Perhaps, above all, the Osirisian novelty represented the highest point of optimism and hope reached in the ancient world the evolution (from the sixth century BC) of Zoroastrian/Hebrew/Christian resurrection/afterlife concepts. Death pose such difficult problems for man that it took over 60 ,000 years or more, the interim between the Neanderthals and the Egyptians, to come up with radically peeled ideas and launch a new trajectory of wishful thinking and illusion which would eventually lead to the inventions of Paradise and Hell based on morality and the final judgment and final peck of all mankind.Egypt, probably largely independently and right from the start of the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100-2868 BC), innovated, made major breakthroughs and may down exercised significant puzzle out on otherwise peoples in the search for the solution to the problem of death. What had somehow occurred in Egypt was a fabulous bringing to fruitition of all of mans inventive efforts and abstract reasoning concerning death. The Egyptians sketched out and invented a new type of afterlife aimed at permanently defeating death (Najovits).Mummies of antique Egypt In the modern mind no single type of artifact from the ancient world excites more interest that the Egyptian mummy and no other kind of object is considered more typically Egyptian. The very word mummy brings to mind a host of associated ideas the Egyptian belief in life after death, the seemingly pervasive concern with the touch sensation of death, and the elaborate preparations that were made for it.It is well to state at the outset that religious beliefs made it necessary to preserve the dead, and what it seems a preoccupation with death was actually the increment of a love of life and an attempt to direct for a continuation in the next world of life as it is known in this. A considerable literature, much of it of a speculative nature, has grown up around the modern interest in the exercise of mummification. In recent decades the progress of knowledge has done much to dispel earlier misconceptions, but many of these have become firmly fixed and die hard.The process of mummification is still considered to be a lost art by many who would rather remain content with an intriguing mystery than be d isappointed with a simple explanation. The process was the result of a continuous development based on trial and error and observable results. The details of technique can now be discussed with some confidence and accuracy (Taylor). Through the use of various physical/surgical and chemical processes, the Egyptians devised artificial means to preserve corpses.The process of mummification was introduced very early in Egypts dynastic history, in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC. Even before then, the Egyptians must have noniced that the hot, dry sense of the desert often desiccated and preserved bodies without any artificial processes. A variety of techniques evolved over many centuries to conserve the bodies of Egypts nobility these included removing the intrinsic organs, soaking the body in natron, and wrapping it tightly in linen.When Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century he documented the mummification methods that were still known, even though the art and science of embalming was not important as it had been earlier (Monet). Afterlife The origins of an afterlife, Paradise and Hell are enveloped in considerable obscurity. At least cardinal thousand years ago, the Neanderthals imagined phenomena which did not necessarily exist or certainly did not exist. Perhaps based on their experience of dream life, they seem to have imagined the existence of an afterlife, invented ritual burial for entry into the afterlife, and possibly believed in the existence of the soul.Even if we can have no exact idea of what the afterlife meant for the Neanderthals, the laurel of some dead bodies and the inclusion of foods, goods, weapons and ornaments in their graves, clearly indicate that they believed that life somehow did not end with death that as aspect of life, or a spirit, continued. The seeds of Paradise, the concepts of immorality or consolation, or paradisiacal reward, for the first life, are already at least potentially contained in such a view. However, the Neanderthals and all other peoples at least until Egyptian times seem to have sought solutions to death which were not explicit (Najovits).The benefits of antediluvian patriarch Egypt If you say the word benefit, most people will think of ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians built many famous pyramids. The pyramids were created by the ancient Egyptian civilization, which began about 5,000 years ago. The pyramids were built to serve in the afterlife. These serve as staircases for the dead pharaoh to ascend in the sky, funerary practices involving rituals, spells and amulets and techniques designed to facilitate entry into the afterlife and protection and well being once there.Ancient Egyptians believed that each person had a spirit, or ka, that lived on after the person died. A persons most important task during their lifetime was to prepare for life after death. Rulers and wealthy people built tombs to be homes for their kas. The earliest tombs were simple structures that re semble large benches. Then, around 2750 B. C. , King Zoser built the first pyramid. It was not a true pyramid. It looked like giant steps, so it became known as the Step Pyramid. King Snefru built the first true pyramid about cl years later.The Great Pyramid of Giza, the largest of the Egyptian pyramids, was built nearly 4,500 years ago and stands 481 feet (147 m) high. It is located in northern Egypt near the city of Cairo. The Great Pyramid of Giza was built to be the grave for King Khufu. Pyramids provided a place where a kings body could safely pass into the afterlife. Many great wealthiness were held rooms within the pyramids. The ancient pyramids are engineering marvels. We still dont know exactly how they were built. We do know that their construction required astounding knowledge of math.We can learn more about the pyramids and the people who built them by using our math skills to study the most famous Egyptian pyramid the Great Pyramid (Down). From the Old Kingdom to the beginning of the New Kingdom, kings were buried in pyramid tombs, comprising a massive superstructure of stone or mudbrick with adjacent mortuary temple or chapel. In the New Kingdom, the pyramid ceased to be a royal prerogative, and small brick pyramids were incorporated into private tombs (Taylor). Works Cited Down, David. The Pyramids of Ancient Egypt. Creation powder magazine 26. 4 (2004) 44-49 pp.November 13, 2007 . Johnston, Sarah Iles. Religions of the Ancient World A Guide. Harvard USA Harvard University Press, 2004. Monet, Jefferson. An Overview of Mummification in Ancient Egypt. Tour Egypt (2005). November 13, 2007 . Najovits, Simson R. Egypt, Trunk of the Tree A Modern Survey of an Ancient Land. New York Algora Publishing, 2004. Taylor, John H. Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt. Chicago, USA University of Chicago Press, 2001.

Perceptual Errors

1) Prototypes- Usually according to the group or profession you belong to, you are assumed to have certain characteristics, whether you have them or non. In our organisation, we have a team manager who has an impression of being unapproachable and unfriendly, only because of his position. Due to this reason none of the employees approach him for help, even though it might hurt productivity.Since a few colleagues and myself have a habit of observing peoples behaviour, we knew all this fear is baseless. We didnt hesitate in asking him for help and he was very pleasant and name solutions to our problems and made us very comfortable while he was at it. So, in my reliance to slew this kind of a perceptual error, its advisable to remember principle on exchangeableity. W herein, its non necessary that people from similar background are similar in nature. We should always see a soulfulness as a separate individual.2) Horn issue- According to this effect/error, when a person is found to have an undesirable trait, he is automatically assumed that all his traits must be undesirable, which whitethorn or may non be true. To explain with an example, I have a colleague in my office who is precise and sticks to the point when having a conversation with a customer. Once one such matter was escalated considering that he sounded rude to the customer.And though he was cleared after been given some advice, because of that one event he is always considered to be deficient in some other necessary traits, where he actually is pretty safe. Inspite of his being very disciplined, it was assumed that he was late in his project, when the fact was the opposite In such a case, I think the person has to make an effort to clear such a generality. Also the appraiser should take into consideration all the facts of the persons behaviour and progress, rather than assuming that he will be wrong always.3) Hallo Effect- This effect is similar to horn effect, the only difference being that here the person is assumed to have all positive traits because of one desired trait. We have just such an example in our team, where one of the executives had scored the best in the first quarter. This led to a general assumption that she is good at all necessary statistics, which was not the case. This employee has a habit of coming later from breaks, of not going by rules and generally escaping slights due to favouritism. This also affects the morale of the people who lam hard but their effort is not recognised. But when she was given the duty of helping with the KROs of the few newer executives, she couldnt handle it and this led to waste of time and overall poor performance.This could have been avoided if there was unbiasedness and proper checking done cogitate to the statistics of the person rather than assuming she would be good at everything.4) Primacy Effect- This is an error in perception when a person tends to base somebodys judgement depending on the first impression o f that person. For instance, in our organisation we have a new team leader join in to handle our team. at one time since this guy was a little timid initially and because it was a new rols and place for him, most of the people in the office didnt take him seriously. To play to it some of his mannerisms were a little girlish, which led to most of the office crowd calling him gay. Presently, after knowing him more, even if people are not pulling his leg active being gay, he still not given his due respect. Anything that goes beyond his control in terms of disciplinary issues, he is blamed for saying that he doesnt have a proper hold on his teamI think the best way to reduce such an error in an organisation would be to observe the person in question over a period of time, unbiasedly, and then form an tone about him. Its not necessary that first impressions are always the last impressions.5) Recency Effect- This is an effect where you form an sagaciousness on a person based on what was last observed about him or what was the last thing he spoke which stood out, in a positive or a negative way. In my office, we have a team leader who is highly melt-oriented and keeps to himself. I had an impression that he never talks to anyone other than work, which is a good thing, but I always founds it a little too technical or unfeeling. But recently I had to change my opinion. The same person had back up me to get holidays because of my bad health, when Id not even asked for any support. Though he still is the same, but that last gesture of his changed my entire opinion of him.Ideally, here is a case of both primacy error and then recency error. Though not all effects could be errors, necessarily. The vital thing is we should not judge others based on one single point be it initial impression or latest impression. We need to keep our minds open about the person.6) Selective Perception- We tend to perceive things according to our beliefs or interests in this kind of a p erceptual error. We may note only that what we same, to suit our get needs. For instance, there is a colleague of mine who never used to talk to me before. But since Ive started my MBA, shes been talking and asking me all sort of education about it. It is a topic of her interest. But she wouldnt talk on any other matter. Here I feel, she perceives selectively, only according to what she wants. In an organisation, it is remedy for anyone to avoid such an error, because you loose out on lot of potential growth, of self and others. We need to notice and make use of all talents of an employee.7) Contrast Effect- We need to be very alert when making decisions that we are not making that decision based on anything observed in contrast to the function or the person that we are observing. Because such an error could make us go wrong when selecting right people. I can explain this error by mistake that Id done where I was supposed to monitor the two new members who was supposed to join t he team. Now from both these girls one appeared very childish and rather loud as compared to the other one who was a quiet soul and who looked professional and competent.And I formed my opinion that the louder character was not very mature in handling some KROs and achieving them consistently. Which later I realised, was a completely wrong opinion of her. She not only was instead disciplined and organised, she was more lively and kept things light when work became too serious. The other girl, was rather in her own world and least motivated. Effect corresponding this when you have two contrasts in front of you could be difficult to detect, but if you observe each person and compare their performance and behaviour to the standard norm, you would be more accurate.8) Projection Error- This is a kind of error when you project your attributes and traits or emotions onto others. Here the person maybe completely different from you, but because we may not have noticed that we might assume the other person also to be like us. We have a member in our team who always talks about team bonding and team strength. I too believe that a team is strong and succeeds more often if it whole kit and caboodle together towards the same goal. I did an error of assuming that this person will also think the same and share the responsibilities and duties of a project equally.All the work was delegated accordingly and everyone was expected to do their bit. But to my surprise that person was all talks and no show He not only did pass on thatr work to another member of the team, his ways also brought discontent amongnst the members and divided the group further. I realised that Id thought of him being like me and giving his 100% to whatever he does. But that was not the case sadly. If I would have recognised that earlier I wouldve corrected myself and given him work accordingly.

Peter Stark Essay

Summary of unappeasables articlePeter Starks article As freezing Persons Recollect The SnowFirst ChillThen StuporThen The Letting go the cold voteless facts of freezing to death talks and explains what happens to the tender-hearted consistency when a person is freezing to death but it also gives an enjoyable story for the reader. The character in this story is in his way to a friends house for dinner and night cross country ski when his jeep slides off the road and gets stuck in a snow bank. Stark made it clear that his character was not panicked at first but just simply worried about missing the dinner with his friends. not wanting to miss his plans the character puts his skis on, looks at the map, and heads to the cabin on top of the hill. While this story is unfolding Stark includes scientific data about the terminal core temperature a human can have before perishing. The character wants to save time by going up the steep hill alternatively of following the road that has man y switch backs this is when everything starts to go wrong.The character goes for about an hour with no sign of the road, while assessing the map he hears a antimonial pop and a piece of his binding has popped out. The character is trying to find the piece of his binding and while he does this his body temperature begins to lower after conclusion the piece his core temperature has lowered a substantial amount. The character has now started to panic and decides to go back to the jeep and its warmth on his way deal he falls and lands pretty hard and he is feeling very tired so decides to rest. The rest of the story goes on with him losing and gaining conciseness but his body is too weak to get up and move on and more data about core temperatures and hypothermia. The friends find the character in the snow half(a) naked but he isnt dead he has a faint heart beat so they take him to the hospital and the doctor brings up his core temperature. The character survives. Stark, Peter.As Fre ezing Persons Recollect The SnowFirst ChillThen StuporThen The Letting go the cold hard facts of freezing to death. Outside magazine. Outside online. January 1997.web 26.aug. 2010

Kellogs Case Essay

Using ii motivation theories of your choice, explain a) the similarities and the b) differences between the both theories. Among the various motivation theories, I chose Herzbergs theory of motivation and Maslows hierarchy of require. a) Similarities Herzberg is the person responsible for the birth of the two-dimensional paradigm of factors carry oning populations attitudes about work. This is some whiles c alled the two-factor theory.The factors knotty are hygienics factors and motivators. The presence of hygiene factors or dissatisfiers relate to the situation in which the person does what he or she does while motivators or the satisfiers relates to what a person does. Maslow introduced his hierarchy of inevitably which is about how people satisfy various personal needs in the context of their work. He too theorized that a person could not recognize or pursue the next higher need in the hierarchy until his or her currently recognized need was substantially or completely sat isfied.The two aforementivirtuosod theories are similar in the context of recognizing that there are several factors/needs that affect a persons attitude towards work. Particularly in Herzbergs theory, factors may satisfy or dissatisfy a workers performance in the caller-up it can make them or break them. While Maslows hierarchy of needs stated that there are needs which one by one should be satisfied, so as to improve his capabilities as a person or as a worker in a participation. These stages should be soft and completely satisfied before going up on the pyramid of needs.So in onclusion, these two theories common denominator is the joy of ones needs for them to function more positively. In addition to their similarities, Herzbergs hygiene factors and motivators are the same as the physiological needs in Maslows hierarchy of needs. b) Differences Herzbergs theory of motivation involves the hygiene factors and motivators. These factors are different in a way that hygiene factors are called dissatisfiers while motivators are the satisfiers. Such factors like the alliance policy, interpersonal relations, supervision, working conditions and salary are hygiene factors.The absence of hygiene factors can create job dissatisfaction, but their presence does not motivate or create satisfaction. Motivators on the other hand, are the factors that enriched a persons job. There are five determinants of motivators achievement, recognition, works itself, responsibility and advancement. Maslows hierarchy of needs is named as follows, beginning from the bottom on the pyramid to the top physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization.As individuals satisfy one take aim of need, their motivation change as they aspire to reach the higher order needs. Physiological needs are thirst, hunger and sex. Safety needs are security, perceptual constancy and protection. Social needs are the escape to loneliness, love and belongingness, to love an d be loved. Esteem needs are self-respect, the respect to others. Self-actualization is to fulfill ones potentialities. Basically, the two theories differ in the aspect of the recognition of the different factors or needs that a person/leader mustiness take into consideration.Another thing is Herzbergs theory is all about the factors which affect a persons attitude about work while Maslows hierarchy of needs is all about the various personal needs in the context of their work. 2. Describe the benefits to an organization of having a motivated workforce. When an organization has a motivated workforce, the benefits are mutually gained. Its like hitting two birds with one stone, it may sound redundant but yes, its true. You gain money and at the same time you gain your workers trust and camaraderie.For example, in our store, whenever there are high rate of sales, we give incentives. If there are times when we see that our workers have a stiff time working, like stocks have arrived, w e give extra snacks. We treat our workers not just workers in our store but also as a ingredient of our family, but there are limitations and we draw the line between leader and worker so as to avoid abusive behaviors. During holiday seasons or birthdays, we ask them to join us in our trip. We saw this as a chance for us to get to know our workers develop outside our store, how they are as an individual.We also go a little further in knowing what motivates them, what they want, and how to satisfy their needs, because knowing what motivates our workers makes our relationship in the store, easy and effective. 3. Analyze the difference between hygiene factors and motivators. hygienics factors are called as the dissatisfiers they are the job factors which are essential for motivation in a workplace. The presence of these factors does not lead to positive satisfaction for long term. But if these factors are absent or if these factors are non-existent at workplace, then they lead to di ssatisfaction.In other words, hygiene factors are those factors which when adequate or reasoncapable in a job, pacify the employees and do not make them dissatisfied. These factors are extrinsic to work. Hygiene factors are also called as maintenance factorsas they are required to avoid dissatisfaction. These factors describe the job environment or scenario. The hygiene factors symbolize the physiological needs which the individuals wanted and expected to be fulfilled. Hygiene factors include ? Pay- The pay or salary structure should be appropriate and reasonable.It must be equal and competitive to those in the same industry in the same domain. Company Policies and administrative policies- The company policies should not be too rigid. They should be fair and clear. It should include flexible working hours, dress code, breaks, vacation, etc. ? bash benefits- The employees should be offered health care plans, benefits for the family members and employee help programmes. ? Physical Wo rking conditions- The working conditions should be safe, clean and hygienic. The work equipments should be updated and well-maintained. ? Status- The employees status within the organization should be familiar and retained. Interpersonal relations-The relationship of the employees with his peers, superiors and subordinates should be appropriate and acceptable.There should be no conflict or humiliation element present. ? Job Security- The organization must provide job security to the employees. Motivators on the other hand are factors which are inherent to work. These factors motivate the employees for a superior performance. These factors are called satisfiers. These are factors involved in performing the job. Employees find these factors intrinsically rewarding. The motivators symbolized the psychological needs that were perceived as an additional benefit.Motivational factors include ? Recognition- The employees should be praised and recognized for their accomplishments by the mana gers. ? smell of achievement- The employees must have a sense of achievement. This depends on the job. There must be a fruit of some sort in the job. ? Growth and promotional opportunities- There must be growth and advancement opportunities in an organization to motivate the employees to perform well. ? Responsibility- The employees must hold themselves responsible for the work. The managers should give them ownership of the work. They should minimise control but retain accountability. 4.Evaluate the benefits to organizations of using different motivation approaches. If an organization uses different kinds of motivation approaches, they are more likely to achieve a better workplace with workers who are well motivated. Why is this so? because the different theories of motivation suggests a lot of tips and challenges for the company to apply for them to achieve a better and happier people in the working department. Another is that the company leaders will be able to satisfy every me mbers needs leading to satisfaction and motivation, as well as avoiding the dissatisfiers that might result to drawbacks.Motivating the members of your company makes them more committed and they will trust you because they will feel that they are important to the company they are working into. Applying various types of motivation theories also makes the working environment more exciting and interesting, so your workers are more enthusiastic in overture to work every day and ultimately making productive, profitable and competitive business. This way, you are not just gaining money but you are also able to help others improve themselves as a worker and as efficient and effective members of the society.

Flame Detector

INFRA-RED blaze up DETECTION 123 S200+ SERIES TRIPLE IR FLAME sensorS procedureR MANUAL S200+ USER MANUAL INDEX PAGE A) INTRODUCTION 1 1. 1 burn Detection Operation 1 3. B) Introduction 2. world(a) Construction 4 PRODUCT APPLICATION 5 1. C) Application 5 2. Bene disciplines of the S200+ Series 6 8 Introduction 8 2. Electrical Characteristics 8 3. mechanistic Characteristics 13 4. Environmental 16 5. Operation 17 6. Performance Characteristics 22 7. Design of clay 30 8. D) SYSTEM DESIGN INFORMATION 1. Approvals and Compliance with Standards nd Patents 31 INSTALLATION 38 1. General 38 2. ascent a Detector 38 3. E) Detector Wiring 40 4. Initial Wiring silicon chip 55 57 1. System Checks 57 2. F) COMMISSIONING Connecting and Commissioning the Detectors 57 64 1. G) MAINTENANCE 64 General ORDERING INFORMATION APPENDIX 1 CONNECTING S241+ AS A CURRENT SOURCE dodge 66 67 SECTION A 1. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION The S200+ committing of triple IR erupt sensing elements comprises fiv e shine sensing element breeds. The demodulators sh ar the same ignite taper detection hitchry, optics and main mechanical ho development.Each variant is lendable as an Intrinsic aloney Safe (i) or Flameproof (f) version except the S261+ which is gettable scarcely in the Flameproof version. The five variants be VARIANT Conventional 2-Wire port wine 4-20mA Current Loop Interface Analogue Addressable Loop Interface Relay Interface MX Digital Interface per se SAFE S231i+ S241i+ S251i+ S271i+ noncombustible S231f+ S241f+ S251f+ S261f+ S271f+ The S200+ Advanced Flame Detector offers a major improvement in some(prenominal) cremate detection capability and liberty to black form ray of light.The S200+ is available in intrinsically safe and flameproof models except for the S261f+ which is available only as a flameproof version. In finicky, the roll disc everywhere incorporates models for conventional detection circuits (S231i+, S231f+), models for radio link to 4-20 mA current loop (S241i+, S241f+), models for lodge to Thorn Security Minerva additive addressable strategys (S251i+, S251f+), a flameproof model with put across payoffs (S261f+) and models for connection to Minerva MX Digital systems (S271i+, S271f+).The output of the S241+ offer ups a truly analogue current output and the S251+ and S271+ provide an additional take of augurling to target a pre- affright sort out. The demodulators exhaust been tried by LPCB to EN 54 Part 10 and have been class as Class 1 flame detectors on the 50m and 25m range settings and as Class 3 on the 12m range setting. For marine applications, the detectors have been tested to Lloyds chronicle turn out Specification Number 1 (2002). Environmental Category ENV1, 2, 3 and 5 and to DNV Certification berths No. 2. 4 (April 2001). 2.FLAME DETECTION OPERATION The S200+ detectors analyse radiant aught at triple diverse wave aloofnesss and as such offer the full benefits of the triple IR flame d etector. The detector utilises a well proven, flame detection technique. This is hatefuld on monitoring for modulate infra-red radiation in the 4. 3? m waveband corresponding to CO2 emission. It incorporates Thorn Security patented techniques for im prove rejection of solar energy by utilize a combination of ii 4. 3? m filters for Gaussian noise rejection by averaging the output signal of two separate sensor elements.Three different shock handgrips of 3s, 6s and 12s atomic number 18 provided in all versions of the S200+. 2. 1 BLACKBODY REJECTION The S200+ implements a new concept for eliminating nuisance alarms from modulated blackbody sources. The new anatomy incorporates a novel optical filter(1) which enables a single electronic infra-red sensor to measure the radiated energy interpret in two separate wavebands placed on either side of the flame detection waveband, at 3. 8? m and 4. 8? m respectively ( implement Fig A-1).The signal obtained from this guard channel is cro ss-cor denoted with the signal from the flame detection channel to provide an accurate prediction of the non-flame energy present in the flame detection waveband. This prediction is independent of the temperature of the radiation source, allowing the S200+ to provide blackbody rejection all over a wide range of source temperatures. (1) Patented (see function C, 8. 4). 1 Fig. A-1 shows the amount of energy apt(p) by a gamey object (blackbody) as viewed in the electromagnetic spectrum. This curve has a peak which moves further to the left with richly temperature objects.The amount of energy seen between 3. 8? m and 4. 8? m can be approximated to a linear run low. Thus, a measurement of the energy at these two wavelengths provides information to calculate with comfortable verity the train of blackbody radiation at the intermediate flame detection wavelength of 4. 3? m. The energy referable to the emission from hot carbon dioxide given by a flame is superimposed on that from some(prenominal) blackbody in the detector vault of heaven of view without adding whatsoever significant emissions at 3. 8? m or 4. 8? m, thus enabling proper segregation between non-flame signals and flame signals.Because a galactic suggest allow possibly uprise a large amount of black smoke which go forthing behave like a blackbody and whitethorn weaken the carbon dioxide peak, signals great than a pre-determined amphetamine limit entrust be classed as a send word. The use of an optical processing technique, as fence to the use of two separate electronic sensors for the guard channel, improves the overall reliability of the detector by reduction the number of components and eliminating the need for complex calibration procedures during manufacture. TEMPERATURE MOVEMENT FLAME ENERGY HOT BLACKBODYCOLD BLACKBODY 3. 8? m 4. 3? m 4. 8? m WAVELENGTH Fig. A-1 Radiation from Objects 2. 2 DETECTION RANGE The S200+ range can detect on axis a fully developed 0. 1m2 n-heptane o r petrol goat god out fire at up to 50m and the same fire up to 25m on the 25m setting. A 12m setting is excessively available. 2 2. 3 DETECTION OF FLAME IN THE PRESENCE OF BLACKBODY RADIATION The ability of the detector to determine accurately the amount of non-flame radiation received at every one time by the flame detection channel allows a variable alarm doorway to be determined (see Fig. A-2).This door is positioned so as to minimise the possibility of a trumped-up(prenominal) alarm due to the presence of modulated blackbody sources of different temperature and intensity. FLAME ENERGY ALARM THRESHOLD FLAME SIGNALS BLACKBODY SIGNALS CROSS-CORRELATED ENERGY Fig. A-2 2. 4 Signal Processing DETECTOR CONDITION SIGNALLING The S200+ incorporates two different colour light emitting diodes, red for alarm clock and yellow for find rift. By using different momenting rates for the yellow (Fault) LED, separate reading material of detector (electronic) fault and dirty windowpane ( optical integrity monitoring) is provided.The yellow LED is not fitted to the S251+ and S271+ detectors. The S241+ provides an analogue output current, in the range 4-20mA, proportional to the flame detection signal. The S251+ provides two pre-set current apprizes to signal alarm and pre-alarm chequers. Pre-set currents, in the range 0-4mA, argon utilize to separately signal detector (electronic) fault and dirty window for both detector types. The S271+ shows the same signalling conditions as the S251+ muchover rather of the units being in mA, they atomic number 18 signalled digitally using the MX protocol. 3 3. oecumenical CONSTRUCTION Fig. A-3 shows a general view of a complete detector.Fig. A-3 S200+ Detector General View The detector is of robust manifestation to allow its use in jolting environments. The detector comprises a two-part stainless(prenominal) steel enclosure. The introductory section of the enclosure maintains the encapsulated electro-optical assembly which is machine-accessible to the final stage board on the rear section by a small overseas telegramform. A sapphire window is fitted in the front of the housing. The window allows infra-red radiation to fall on the sensors, the LED alarm and fault indicators atomic number 18 unmistakable through with(predicate) the window. The front section of the enclosure is attached to the rear section by four captive screws.A legal tender provided between the front and rear sections ensures protection to IP66 and IP67. Two 20mm cable entries are provided at the bottom. All galvanic connections are made to three 4-way terminal blocks (four 4-way terminal blocks for the S261f+). The detector may be fitted directly to a suitable surface or an optional adjustable upgrade bracket may be used. A stainless steel guard is fitted to the flameproof versions to protect the integrity of the window (shown in Fig. A-3). Until the end of 2004, the detectors had two cable entries at the bottom and one at the top.The detector design has been changed to remove the top cable entry due to problems with pee ingress where the top cable entry has not been sealed mighty during installation. 4 SECTION B PRODUCT APPLICATION 1. APPLICATION 1. 1 GENERAL The detectors are think for the protection of high-risk theatres in which accidental fires are likely to result in flaming destroy with the production of carbon dioxide. Typical materials in this type of risk are a) Flammable liquids, including petroleum products, alcohol, and dihydric alcohol etc. b) Flammable gases including methane. c) Paper, wood and packing materials. ) Coal. e) Plastics. These substances ignite pronto and burn rapidly, producing flame, often accompanied by large volumes of dark smoke. none The detectors are not intentional to respond to flames emanating from fuels which do not contain carbon eg, hydrogen, ammonia, metals, and should not be used for such risks without satisfactory fire testing. The S200+ se ries, by virtue of their construction and rejection of spurious radiation, are suitable for use both indoors or outdoors in a wide range of applications. flier 1. 2 The detectors essentialiness be mounted to a rigid shop which allow not move in windy conditions.This is to avoid wild alarms due to detector front line modulating radiation from hot bodies at the edge of the demesne of view. Avoid mounting detectors where they are subject to high levels of vibration. USE IN HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES The S200i+ series detectors are ATEX/IECEx sensible intrinsically safe, and are classified E Ex/ Ex ia IIC T5 or T4 (-40C ? Ta ? +80C). In an intrinsically safe system the detectors are suitable for use in doubtful regularises 0, 1 and 2 where group IIC gases and vapours are present in explosive concentrations. See Section 8. 1 for full details. The S200f+ series detectors are ATEX certified flameproof.They are classified E Ex d IIC T6 or T5 (-20C ? Ta ? +80C) and are suitable for use in gaga areas zones 1 and 2. The S200f+ detectors are similarly IECEx certified flameproof. They are classified Ex d IIC T6 or T5 (-20? C ? Ta ? +60? C) and are certified for use in hazardous areas zone 1 and zone 2. See Section 8. 2. 5 1. 3 USE IN NON-HAZARDOUS AREAS In non hazardous ares it is recommended the following detectors are fitted S231i+, S241i+ and S251i+ without a barrier. These detectors are electrically the same as the f+ versions. They are less expensive and have a wider field of view as they do not require the window guard.S261f+ (has no intrinsically safe version available). S271f+ Do not fit the S271i+ as for this detector the MX communications is optimised for use with an IS barrier. Its performance without a barrier is not characterised. Note 1. 4 The S271i+ go out not communicate without the EXI800 and barrier fitted. FEATURES 2. A self-test facility is incorporated to test a number of characteristics, including the cleanliness of the window . The self-test may be initiated upstagely. Switch selectable range settings. Switch selectable time to alarm settings.Operational range up to 50m, fuel dependent. Remote manipulate of range. S271+ has fast detection using MX interrupt facility. Remote visualise of delay, range and remote test on S271+. Completely solar blind. Very low quiescent place consumption. High esthesia to hydrocarbon fire in oily environments. Rugged stainless steel 316 housing and mounting bracket. Flexible mounting and angular adjustment. Ease of installation. Connection for remote LED. Selectable latching/non-latching alarm output (not S251+/S271+). Selectable latching/non-latching fault output (not S251+/S271+). BENEFITS OF THE S200+ SERIESInfra-red flame detectors offer certain benefits over detectors working in the visible or ultra-violet regions of the spectrum. For example they are 6 Highly sensitive to flame thus increasing probability of early detection of hydrocarbon fires. Not greatly aff ected by window contamination by dirt and oil deposits thus fall maintenance oftenness leading to operating cost reduction. Able to see flames through smoke, and able to see flames through high densities of solvent vapours thus increasing the probability of early detection of hydrocarbon fires over other (ultra-violet) detectors in the same conditions.Several detectors on a single 2-wire conventional or analog addressable circuit. The S200+ series have all the above benefits and additionally are Completely solar-blind in ruler conditions, thus, eliminating false alarms due to direct or indirect sunlight. insensible to electric arcs thus eliminating false alarms from welding operations. Insensitive to artificial light sources. See Section C (6. 4) for more details on false alarm performance. Sealed to IP66 and IP67 (when suitable cable glands and sealant are used) ensuring long term reliability in harsh environments. 7SECTION C SYSTEM DESIGN INFORMATION 1. INTRODUCTION The electrical, mechanical, environmental characteristics and the performance of the S200+ series flame detectors, moldiness be taken into account when designing a system which uses these detectors. This information is given below, together with advocate on detector siting. 2. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2. 1 S231i+/S231f+ The S231i+/231f+ detectors are two-wire devices, designed to operate on any natural conventional fire detection control equipment providing a regulated 20V dc current monitoring loop, including controllers make by Thorn Security.Compatibility should be assessed using the technical data below and it is recommended that evaluation tests are carried out prior to siting and installation. The quiescent current drain is very small and the alarm condition is signalled by a large increase in current demand. readjustting is achieved by removing the supply voltage for a period greater than 0. 5 warrants. 2. 1. 1 COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER THORN SECURITY CONVENTIONAL DETECTORS The connection of Thorn Securitys plug-in conventional detectors, ie M300 and M600 ranges, in the same circuit as S231+ flame detectors is not primarily recommended.S231+ flame detectors may be connected in the same circuit as S131/S161 type detectors. The number of S231+ detectors per zone should be assessed taking account of good engineering principles, controller characteristics and cable parameters. As a guide, or so controllers allow permit 4 S231+ units per zone. We do no recommend exceeding 6 x s231+ units per zone. Note 1) S161 flame detectors may be connected in flameproof circuits and can, therefore, be connected with S231f+ flame detectors. 2) If detectors are mixed, then an S231+ detector moldiness be the last detector n the zone or a fault condition on an S231+ detector pull up stakes not be signalled to the controller. 2. 1. 2 TECHNICAL information release Voltage Quiescent Current misgiving Current alarm system Output Mode Reset Time/Voltage 8 15V to 28V. (Vo ltage at the detector when not in alarm). 350? A (typical). 33mA (typical) at 24V source, supplied via 330 ohms. 38mA (typical) with remote LED fitted. 18mA (typical) with MTL 5061 barrier fitted. See Fig. C-1. Operation essential be restricted to the safe area shown by use of external resistance if necessary. Supply must be reduced to less than 2V for greater than 0. 5 arcseconds. stabilisation time after eset/ power up Equivalent Inductance Equivalent Capacitance 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds ( uttermost). 0mH. 1. 5nF. Note 1) The maximum number of detectors that may be connected to a zone circuit is 6 (see 2. 1. 1). 2) The alarm currents shown above include current through a 4k7 end-of-line resistor. 3) In general, it is not attainable to use a remote indicator on detectors which are supplied via a shunt barrier prophylactic diode or galvanic isolator. 4) Where a remote LED is used, a 33 ohm resistor should be fitted in series with it to limit the current through the LED to approximately 30mA. 80REMOTE LED FITTED WITH SERIES 33OHM electrical resistance TOTAL CURRENT IN ALARM (mA) 70 60 50 40 SAFE operating(a) AREA 30 NO REMOTE LED 20 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 VOLTAGE AT DETECTOR (V) NOTE 4k7 END-OF-LINE RESISTOR FITTED Fig. C-1 2. 2 Load Characteristics in Alarm S241i+/S241f+ The S241i+/S241f+ detectors provide a 4-20mA current sink output, suitable for standard programmable logic controllers. 2. 2. 1 TECHNICAL DATA Supply Voltage 15V to 28V (Voltage at the detector). Quiescent Current 350? A (typical), excluding signalling current. 9 Supply Current in Alarm 12mA (typical), at 24V supply. 0mA (typical), with remote LED fitted. 10mA (typical), with 600 ohm barrier. 12mA (typical), with 600 ohm barrier + remote LED. Alarm Output Mode 4-20mA CURRENT SINK. (See addition 1 for S241+ pumped(p) as a current source output). Signalling Currents DISCRETE SIGNALLING (OLD SYSTEM) CONDITION AFD CURRENT TYP. (mA) Fault Normal Alarm 1. 5 4. 5 17. 0 Ta ble 1 S241+ Discrete Signalling (Old System) CONTINUOUSLY variant SIGNALLING (NEW SYSTEM) CONDITION AFD CURRENT TYP. (mA) Non windowpane Fault windowpane Fault Normal Flame Sensing 0. 0 2. 0 4. 0 5. 7 to 17. 0* Table 2 S241+ Continuously Variable Signalling (New System) * See parity bit 5. for Sensitivity ( thread) Selection Note The signalling mode is selected by means of a DIL switch, see section E 2. 1. In both discrete and unendingly variable signalling the alarm LED will come on when a 4-20mA output exceeds 17. 0mA. Reset Time/Voltage Supply must be reduced to less than 2V for greater than 0. 5 seconds. Stabilisation Time after reset /power up 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds (maximum). Equivalent Inductance 0mH. Equivalent Capacitance 1. 5nF. Note An external 33 ohm resistor should be fitted in series with a remote LED. S241+ is designed with a 4-20mA current sink output.However, it can be wired as a current source device with limitations. See Appendix 1 for details. 10 2 . 3 S251i+/S251f+ The S251i+/251f+ detectors are analogue addressable devices which are designed to operate with the Minerva range of analogue addressable fire control equipment currently manufactured by Thorn Security Limited. 2. 3. 1 TECHNICAL DATA The maximum number of detectors that may be connected to a Minerva system loop is 50. The maximum number of detectors that may be connected to each barrier in a Hazardous Area circuit is 10. average out current consumption 350? A Stabilisation Time after eset /power up 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds (maximum). S251+ analogue addressable signalling currents DISCRETE SIGNALLING (OLD SYSTEM) CONDITION AFD CURRENT TYP. (mA) MINERVA MEASUREMENT (mA) MINERVA LIMITS (mA) Fault Normal Alarm 0. 75 2. 25 9. 0 1. 5 4. 5 18. 0 0 to 3. 0 3. 0 to 10. 4 16. 2 minimum Table 3 S251+ Discrete Signalling (Old System) ENHANCED SIGNALLING MODE CONDITION AFD CURRENT TYP. (mA) MINERVA MEASUREMENT (mA) MINERVA LIMITS (mA) Non Window Fault Window Fault Nor mal Pre-Alarm Alarm 0 1. 5 3. 0 7. 0 9. 0 0 3. 0 6. 0 14. 0 18. 0 0 to 2. 0 2. 0 to 4. 0 4. 0 to 12. 12. 0 to 16. 0 16. 0 minimum Table 4 S251+ Enhanced Signalling (New System) Note 1) The signalling mode is selected by means of a DIL switch, see Section E 2. 1, Table 3. 2) Remote Range and Self Test selection is not available for the S251i+ when used with a shunt diode safety barrier. concern IF employ AN S251+ WORKING IN THE ENHANCED SIGNALLING MODE TO REPLACE AN S251, THE S251+ MUST BE CONFIGURED IN CONSYS variate 12. 0 OR LATER. 11 2. 4 S261f+ The S261+ is only provided in a flameproof version. The S261f+ provides a pass interface for alarm and fault conditions. 2. 4. 1TECHNICAL DATA Supply Voltage Fault relay Alarm relay Quiescent Current Alarm Current Fault Current Reset Time/Voltage Stabilisation Time after reset /power up 15V to 28V. (Voltage at the detector). usually closed, opens under fault conditions. Normally open, closes under alarm conditions. 11mA. (typical) at 28V supply. 30mA. (typical) at 28V supply. 37mA. (typical) at 28V supply with remote LED fitted. 350? A. (typical). Supply must be reduced to less than 2V for greater than 0. 5 seconds. 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds (maximum). Note 1) The relay contacts are rated 2A at 28V dc. ) An external 33 ohm resistor should be fitted in series with the remote LED. 2. 5 S271i+/S271f+ The S271+ is designed to operate with the Minerva MX range of digital addressable fire control equipment currently manufactured by Thorn Security Limited. 2. 5. 1 TECHNICAL DATA For the Maximum number of S271i+ detectors and maximum cable length connected to the MX Intrinsically Safe loop, refer to document 17A-02-ISLOOP MX Intrinsically Safe System Loop Loading Calculation. Stabilisation Time after reset /power up 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds (maximum). The average current consumption is 500?A. The S271+ digital signalling CONDITION Non-Window Fault Window Fault Pre-Alarm Alarm Normal DELTA OUTPUT (Bit s) ?10 ?51 and ? 11 ?153 ?190 ?68 Table 5 12 3. MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3. 6 TECHNICAL DATA Dimensions (see Fig. C-2) Height 167mm Width 167mm Depth 89. 5mm max (maximum depth with flameproof guard fitted 94mm) Weight 3. 8kg Mounting Bracket Weight 1. 1kg Materials enclosing Stainless steel 316L, ANC4BFCLC to BS3146 Part 2 Window Sapphire Mounting Bracket Stainless steel to BS1449 Part 2 316 S16 Screws etc. heart-to-heart to the elements Bright stainless steel 316 electronic ModuleEncapsulated. Electrical Access Standard M20 gland holes (two) 13 3 X FLAMEPROOF GUARD MOUNTING POSTS 4 x M8 SURFACE MOUNTING HOLES optic MONITORING REFLECTOR SAPPHIRE window 167 100 149. 3 167 76. 5 TAG LABEL 52. 5 2 X 20mm GLAND HOLES NOTE MAXIMUM HEIGHT WITH FLAMEPROOF GUARD FITTED (94mm) Fig. C-2 S200+ Series boilers suit Dimensions 14 89. 5 max SEE NOTE 0 50 ADJUSTMENT 68. 5 RAD 4 x M8 SURFACE MOUNTING HOLES 100 22 0 149. 3 SURFACE MOUNTING DIMENSIONS 45 0 200mm CLEARANCE REQUIRED FOR FULL AD JUSTMENT Fig. C-3 Adjustable Mounting Bracket and Surface Mounting Dimensions 15 4. 4. 1 ENVIRONMENTAL GENERALThe design and construction of the S200+ series detectors are such that they may be used over a wide range of environmental conditions. Relevant limits are given in Para 4. 2. 4. 2 4. 2. 1 TECHNICAL DATA TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, PROTECTION AND PRESSURE Operating temperature range For non hazardous installations For hazardous installations using flameproof S200f+ detectors in ATEX certified applications For hazardous installations using flameproof S200f+ detectors in IECEx applications For hazardous installations using intrinsically safe S200i+ detectors in ATEX or IECEx applications Storage temperature rangeRelative humidity Enclosure protection Normal operating atmospheric pressure Heat radiation from sun -40C to +80C (110C for short durations) -20C to 80C -20C to 60C -40C to 80C -40C to +80C Up to 95% RH (non-condensing) Tested to IP66 and IP67* 910mbar to 1055mbar 0 to 1000 Wm2 typical * Cable gland entries must be suitably sealed to achieve the required IP rating (see 3. 4 Section D). 4. 2. 2 VIBRATION AND SHOCK The S200+ series detectors are designed and tested for vibration and shock to EN54-10 (the Standard for flame detection components of automatic fire detection systems).For marine applications, the detectors have been tested to Lloyds Register Test Specification Number 1 (1996) Vibration Test 1 and to DNV Certification Notes No2. 4 (May 1995) Class A. 4. 2. 3 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE The detector is insensitive to radio frequency interference. It has been designed and tested to the requirements of EN54-10 (the Standard for flame detection components of automatic fire detection systems) and BS EN 61000-6-3 Generic Emissions Residential Commercial and Light Industry and EN 50130-4, the generic standard for electromagnetic immunity within the European Union.The detectors have been tested to the product family standard for fire alarm systems, E N50130-4. Tests have proved the operation in field strengths of 10V/m at frequencies from 150kHz to 2000MHz with amplitude and pulse chanting, when installed in accordance with this manual. For devil dog applications the detectors, have been tested to Lloyds Register Test Specification Number 1 (1996) E. M. I. Immunity for Electronic products and to DNV Certification Notes No. 2. 4 (May 1995) Electromagnetic Compatibility Tests. To comply with the above standards, ferrite tubes must be fitted to the detector base as shown in Fig. D3, Page 40. 16 4. 2. 4IONISING RADIATION The S200+ series, like other infra-red detectors, is insensitive to X-rays and gamma radiation as used in non-destructive testing. The detector will operate normally and will not false alarm when exposed to this type of radiation although long term exposure to high radiation levels may lead to permanent damage. 4. 2. 5 CORROSION The detector is able to withstand the effects of corrosion instruct with sulphur diox ide (SO2) concentration as specified in EN54-10. For Marine applications the detectors have been tested to Lloyds Register Test Specification Number 1 (1996) Salt Mist test and to DNV Certification Notes No. . 4 (May 1995) Salt Mist Test. 5. OPERATION 5. 1 ALARM INDICATION A red LED is visible through the front window which gives the same indication for the S231+, S241+ and S261+ variants. Illumination indicates an alarm. The S251+ (analogue addressable variant) and the S271+ (digital addressable variant) indicate in the same manner as the other variants, but the LED is driven by the controller. In normal conditions the LED is pulsed at two second intervals for the S251+ and 5 seconds for the S271+. Continuous illumination indicates an alarm under control of the Minerva controller. 5. 2 ALARM SIGNALLINGThe detectors signal an alarm condition as follows S231+ Increase in current raddled from supply, see Fig. C-1. S241+ Current drawn on the loop will be between 5. 7-17. 0mA. ( A single value between 16. 0-19. 0mA is drawn for the S241 compatible mode). S251+ Returned current will be between 8. 3 and 9. 7mA. A pre-alarm race is also available which returns a current value between 6. 5 and 7. 5mA. The latter is not available for the S251 compatible mode. S261+ Alarm relay will close. S271+ Returned determine will be ? 190 bits. A Pre-alarm function is also available which returns values of ? 153 bits.The S231+, S241+ and S261+ may be set as alarm latching or non-latching. When the S241+ is operated in the Continuously Variable Signalling mode, the alarm latching function is inoperative. The S251+/S271+ have only the non-latching mode. In the non-latching mode, if the alarm source is outback(a) for greater than 5 seconds, then the detector will stop indicating an alarm. In the latching mode the controller must be reset to remove the alarm condition. Note The use of an S231i+ in a non-latching mode is generally possible when the detector is connected af ter a shunt diode safety barrier but evaluation tests are recommended. 7 5. 3 FAULT INDICATION For the S231+, S241+ and S261+ variants the yellow LED will flash indicating a fault. Different flashing rates are used to indicate different faults, as follows Window obscuration 0. 5Hz Detector fault 2. 0Hz The S251+/S271+ will not provide a local indication for a fault, instead the fault indication will be displayed on the controller. 5. 4 FAULT SIGNALLING The detectors signal a fault condition as follows S231+ Open circuit fault band ie, the EOL resistor is made open circuit.The improper detector puts 4 pulses of total width 45ms and level 55mA on the line which is detected by the S231+ connected at the end of the zone. This detector open circuits the EOL resistor. Note The end detector in the zone must be an S231+ with the EOL fitted as it is this device which will signal a fault, the faulty detector will indicate with a flashing yellow LED. S241+ Current drawn on the loop wi ll be as follows 0. 0 to 0. 5mA for a detector fault 1. 8 to 2. 2mA for a window fault 1. 3 to 1. 7mA for any fault in the S241 compatible mode S251+ Analogue returned current will be as follows 0. 0 to 0. mA for a detector fault 1. 3 to 1. 7mA for a window fault 0. 65 to 0. 85mA for any fault in the S251 compatible mode S261+ Fault relay will open S271+ Digital returned values will be as follows between ? 51 and ? 11 bits for a window fault ? 10 for a non-window fault The S231+/S241+/S261+ detectors may be selected as fault latching or non-latching. In the nonlatching mode, the fault condition will be cancelled up to 80 seconds after the fault has been removed. The S251+/S271+ have only the non-latching mode. 18 5. 5 SENSITIVITY (RANGE) SELECTION The range is switch selectable on a 6-way DIL (4-way S271+) switch (S1, Fig.C-4) on the backbox terminal PCB. The following nominal ranges are available Extended range. (50 metres) Normal range. (25 metres) Reduced range (12 . 5 metres) 6m (S251f+ and S271f+ only) These ranges are for an n-heptane fire in a 0. 1m2 pan located on the main axis of the detector field of view. With the S241+ set to Continuously Variable Signalling mode (see Section E 2. 1), the nominal ranges above correspond to an alarm threshold set to 17mA. Laboratory tests indicate that setting the alarm thresholds at 9 and 15mA (as opposed to 17mA) will increase the range a fire is detected at by approximately 20 and 10% respectively.For the S251+/S271+, the detection distance for the PRE-ALARM function is approximately 18% higher than the ALARM distance. Range can also be selected in MX CONSYS and will take effect if all switches are in the finish off position from the controller for the S271+. There is provision for halving the range value selected by the switches. If the terminal connector Range is connected to 0V then the detection range is reduced to half that of the switch setting. This may be through with(p) by taking cables t o a remote contact the other side of which is connected to the same 0V as the reference for Line In supply. . 6 DELAY TO ALARM The minimum delay to alarm is 3 seconds from a fire being present in the field of view that is large enough to be detected. This delay is also switch selectable using 6-way (4-way S271+) DIL switch (S1, Fig. C-4), the following additional values are available Note 6 seconds. 12 seconds. The minimum delay to alarm is 3 seconds. However, with this setting, the detector requires that the alarm threshold level has been exceeded throughout for a minimum of 3 seconds in any given 5 second window. Therefore, for fires where the intensity varies, the time to alarm may be longer.Similarly, for the 6 second setting, the alarm threshold level must be maintained for a minimum of 6 seconds in any 8 second window and for the 12 second setting, the alarm threshold level must be maintained for a minimum of 12 seconds in any 14 second window. When the S241+ is operated in Continuously Variable Signalling mode, the delay to alarm switches on S1 are inoperative. This means that in windy conditions where the fire signal varies over time, the detection range will be reduced on the longer time to alarm settings.The signal is smoothen to reduce jitter and this results in a settling time of between 3s and 5s. Further delay could be added by the controller if required. 19 In the case of the S251+, there is additional delay to alarm introduced by the chip procedure of the Minerva control panel. This extra delay is between 4 and 6 seconds. For the S251+/S271f+ PRE-ALARM function, the delay to alarm settings on switch S1 are inoperative, the only delay is that introduced by the Minerva/MX panel. For the S271+, the delay may be set from MX CONSYS via the controller if all the switches are in the OFF position.SWITCH S1 (S271+ ONLY) SWITCH S2 (S251+ ONLY) SWITCH S1 SWITCH S2 (S271+ ONLY) ON S1 ON S1 ON S2 ON S2 1 4 1 6 1 7 1 8 INTERFACE PCB CONNECTOR BLOCKS RELA YS AND CONNECTOR BLOCK (S261+ ONLY) Fig. C-4 Switch Location 5. 7 SELF- assay The detector normally carries out a complete self-test every 20 minutes. The self-test exercises the pyro-electric sensors, electronics and monitors the window for cleanliness. If the window cleanliness test fails on 20 successive occasions (6 hours 40 minutes), a fault condition is generated and the fault LED, where fitted, flashes at the rate of 0. 5Hz.In this condition, the window self-test only is automatically repeated every minute until the window clears and window self-test passes. If the window test continuously fails then the complete self-test will still be repeated every 20 minutes. Other self-test failures will be indicated on the first test after they have occurred. For the complete self-tests to be run automatically, the self-test connection on the terminal board must be left open circuit when the unit is provide up. In this mode, additional self-tests may be initiated remotely by connecting 0V to the self-test terminal, refer to the wiring diagrams in Section D. 0 The detector may be powered up in such a condition that the window self-test can only be initiated remotely on demand (the automatic window self-test is disabled). In order for this to be achieved the detector must be powered up with the self-test terminal connected to 0V (terminals 3 or 5). To initiate the test for the first time after power up, the connection to the self-test terminal must be opened for at least 5 seconds and then closed again. This self-test function (which takes 10 seconds) will commence within 2 seconds of the closing and the result of the test indicated for as long as the connection remains closed.If the test passes, an alarm condition will be indicated and if it fails a fault condition will be indicated. To remove the test indication, the connection to the self-test terminal must be opened. A self-test fail indication due to a window fault will remain until a window self-test is succe ssful and will then unlatch after a 1 minute delay. The self-test should not be repeated more often than every 20 seconds (to allow the self-test circuitry to recharge) as erroneous results may occur. Note that if a unit is sickly sited such that sunlight can reach the window test detector element, the receive amplifier may saturate.In this event, that particular test is aborted and if this situation persists for 6 hours 40 minutes, the unit will register a fault condition. CAUTION A REMOTELY INITIATED TEST WILL PRODUCE AN ALARM SIGNAL FROM THE DETECTOR IF THE TEST SHOWS THAT THE WINDOW IS CLEAN. TAKE THE NECESSARY STEPS TO INHIBIT A FULL ALARM CONDITION AT THE deem PANEL BEFORE PROCEEDING. IF THE SELF-TEST CONNECTION IS NOT OPENED AFTER A SELF-TEST THE DETECTOR WILL lodge DISABLED. The window self-test may be disabled by permanently connecting the self-test terminal to 0V (pins 3 or 5) before power up.This may be desirable in those conditions in which contaminants may make the window start dirty but which may not affect the ability of the detector to otherwise function normally. The detector may be reset by reducing the voltage to less than 2 volts for greater than 0. 5 seconds. A remote LED may be used with the detector except for the S251i+ and S271i+ when the detector is used through a shunt diode safety barrier or galvanic isolator. A self-test may be initiated remotely from the controller for the S271+ (dependant on MX firmware version). 1 6. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 6. 1 GENERAL A large number of fire tests have been carried during the development phase of the S200+ Series detectors to determine their chemical reaction limits. The results of these tests are summarised below. In order to appreciate their significance, an understanding of the mode of the operation of the detector is necessary, and a sketch explanation follows 6. 2 MODE OF OPERATION BEHAVIOUR IN invoke TESTS Flaming fires involving carbonaceous materials produce large quantiti es of carbon dioxide.This part of the combustion process gives rise to a very high level of infra-red radiation in a narrow wavelength region centred upon 4. 3? m. The radiation from a fire flickers in a characteristic way and the detector uses this flicker signal in conjunction with the black body rejection technique describe in Section A to discriminate between flame and non-flame signals. The level of the signal depends upon the size of the flame and its distance from the detector. For liquid fuels the signal level increases as the surface area of the burning liquid increases.For any type of fire the signal level generally varies inversely with the square of the distance. For convenience, fire tests are normally carried out using liquid fuels burning in pans of known area in still air. Note The results of fire tests can be significantly affected by weather conditions ordinary at the time, eg, wind. The sensitivity of a detector can then be conveniently expressed as the distance at which a particular fire size can be detected. While the S200+ will reject modulated signals from blackbody sources, the presence of such sources of high intensity may affect the sensitivity of the detectors.It is important to think in terms of distance rather than time because of the different burning characteristics of different fuels. Fig. C-5 shows the response to two different fuels which ultimately produce the same signal level. The signal level given by n-heptane quickly reaches its maximum and produces an alarm within closely six seconds of ignition. Diesel, on the other hand, being less volatile, takes about a minute to reach equilibrium and an alarm is given in about 60 seconds from ignition. Note 22If a fire test is carried out using non-miscible fuels then it is strongly recommended that water be placed in the bottom of the pan to keep it cool and prevent it deforming. A sufficient amount of fuel must be placed in the pan to ensure combustion occurs over all of its a rea throughout the intended duration of the test. 2 a) 0. 1m N-HEPTANE PAN FIRE b) 0. 1m 2 diesel motor PAN FIRE c) 0. 1m 2 METHANOL/ETHANOL PAN FIRE a) c) ENERGY FROM FIRES a) and c) at 25m FIRE b) AT 15m ENERGY b) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 epoch SECONDS Fig. C-5 Burn Characteristics of Pan FiresThe time taken by the fire to reach equilibrium depends on the sign temperature of the fuel. If diesel were to be pre-heated to a temperature above its flash point then its behaviour would be more like that of n-heptane at 25oC. The test data presented below refers to fires which have reached their equilibrium condition. 6. 3 FIRE TEST DATA The S200+ range has been tested by LPCB to BS EN 54 Part 10 2002 and classified as a Class 1 flame detector on the 50m and 25m range settings. The S200+ is certified as Class 3 on the 12m range setting. 6. 3. 1 N-HEPTANEThe most convenient fuel for fire tests is n-heptane since it is readily available and quickly reaches its equilibrium burning rate. The ra nge figures specified in Para 5. 5 relate to a n-heptane fire in a 0. 1m2 pan on the main axis of the detector field of view. 6. 3. 2 OTHER LIQUID HYDROCARBONS Typical ranges achieved with other fuels burning on 0. 1m2 pans, relative to that for n-heptane, are as follows Alcohol (Ethanol, Meths) Petrol 100%* 95% Paraffin, Kerosene, JP4 70%** Diesel fuel 52% * Test performed using meths in a 0. 25m2 pan. ** Test performed using paraffin.The detection range is also a function of pan area. Field trials using n-Heptane fires indicate that the detection range increases by approximately 20% when the pan area is doubled. 23 Note 6. 3. 3 When testing at the limits of the detectors range, the delay in response will straggle due to the ambient conditions and may be significantly longer than the minimum response times, as described in 5. 6. GAS FLAMES The S200+ will not detect a hydrogen fire as it does not contain carbon. The S200+ will detect gas fires from inflammable gases containing carb on and hydrogen providing its flame produces flame modulation in the 1 to 15Hz ange. Fires burning a premixed air/gas mixture may be uncontrollable to detect as they may produce little modulation. Tests show that an S200+ detector set to the 50m range will typically detect a 0. 8m high and 0. 2 sqm area methane/natural gas flame (venting from an 8mm diam gas vent at 0. 5Bar (7. 5lbs/sq in) as below Range 6. 3. 4 30m 40m 50m Time to Respond 3 seconds 6 seconds 15 seconds DIRECTIONAL SENSITIVITY WARNING WHEN MOUNTING THE FLAMEPROOF VERSIONS OF THE S200+ DETECTORS, ENSURE THAT THE PARTS OF THE FLAMEPROOF GUARD INDICATED IN FIG.C-6 ARE NOT DIRECTED AT THE RISK AREA BEING PROTECTED, AS THE FIELD OF stead IS RESTRICTED. MIRROR COVER DO NOT MOUNT THE FLAMEPROOF VERSION OF THE S200+ DETECTOR WITH THIS PART OF THE GUARD (WINDOW PROTECTOR) DIRECTED AT THE RISK AREA BEING PROTECTED. RESTRICTED FIELD OF VIEW DUE TO WINDOW GUARD METAL PROTRUSION 24 Fig. C-6 The sensitivity of the S200+ is at a maximum on the detector axis. The variation of range with angle of incidence is shown in (Polar Diagrams) Figs. C-7 and C-8 for open air tests using 0. 1m2 pan fires with the detector operating at normal range. 90 80 DETECTOR o proposal VIEW 90 o